Thursday, October 31, 2019

Law for Business Assignment Brief Case (The Water Cooler Disaster) Essay

Law for Business Assignment Brief Case (The Water Cooler Disaster) - Essay Example In this scenario, there is clearly an agreement, whereby the trader promises to deliver 100 water coolers and 1000 50 litre replacement bottles of water in return for a consideration of ? 6000. There is the intention to create legally binding agreement, which is evidenced in writing through the terms of the contract. Consequently, a contract exists between the trader and the company. Contractual terms define the obligation of both parties to a contract. A failure to comply in full with a performance of an obligation, devoid of any lawful excuse, is a breach of the contract. In a contract for the sale of goods, there are both the express and implied conditions. Express conditions are usually spelt out in the contract, while most implied terms are statutorily derived. This scenario involves a contract of sale of goods. A contract for sale of goods is defined at section 1 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 to mean â€Å"a contract by which the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the prop erty in goods to the buyer for a money consideration called price.† Therefore, beside the express terms in the contract, the terms implied by the Sale of Goods and Services Act 1982, shall apply. The Company can recover damages from the trader for breach of the contract. ... With regards to the express terms, the contract stipulates that the trader was to provide water coolers that take standard sized replacement bottles which are widely available. However, the water coolers actually supplied were not of universal size and design and it will not be possible to buy replacement bottles. This is breach of a condition. A condition is a term that goes to the root of the contract, the breach of which entitles the innocent party to terminate the contract and to have compensation of the damages awarded. In Behn V. Burness1 a ship was stated in the contract of charter party to be ‘now in Amsterdam.’ The fact that the ship was not in the port at the date of the contract discharged the charter from performance. Section 13(1) of sale of goods Act 1979 provides that â€Å"where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods will correspond with description.† In this scenario, the water cooler s to be delivered were described to be able to take standard sized replacement bottles. Therefore, this was a condition implied on the contract by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. To add, Sale of Goods Act implies the condition that the goods sold ought to be of merchantable quality. Section 14(2) stipulates that â€Å"where seller sells goods in the course of business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of merchantable quality, except that there is no such condition-†¦ (b) If the buyer examines the goods before the contract is made, as regards defects which that examination ought to reveal.† Consequently, there is evidently breach of conditions both express and implied. A breach of a condition entitles the injured party to damages. In this scenario, the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Statistics on Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) Project

On Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) - Statistics Project Example The police and Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) have different descriptions of what constitutes a violent crime: for example, the CSEW categorises robbery as a violent crime provided it was committed by a series of activities involving actual or threatened injury to the body of the victim. The police, however, leave out the crime from a list of violent crimes, mainly because in some cases manifest violence is not present. In addition, law enforcement agencies have also excluded murder and sexual violence from violent crimes for purposes of dealing the perpetrators commensurate punishments. Owing to the fact that 25% of all offences are executed by juveniles, it is estimated that more half of the violent crimes in the United Kingdom in 2013 were committed by individuals who are between the ages of 16 and 25. Statistics indicate that members of the group engaged in more than a million cases of violent crimes in 2013 alone. The children and young adults, mostly in high school and colleges respectively were behind more than 50% of all homicides, robberies and burglaries (United Kingdom Defence & Security, 2014). The Home Office findings indicate that the youth aged between 16 and 25 engaged in the highest incidences of violent crime. Generally, the Home Office established that the young criminals were to blame for more than 50% of violent crimes as demonstrated in figure and table 1. Their overall of one in two violent cases of crimes is greater than previous figures, which put the percentage at less one in four cases. Government statistics show that almost 20% of all juvenile youth first apprehended in 2004 continued their delinquent behaviour through 2013, with 16-year-olds being most likely to engage in repeat offences (Flatley, 2013). As such, the report indicates the youth crime estimates underscore the need of tackling deviance among juveniles in order to reduce violent crime. Reform of youth justice programs since 2003 have seen drastic decline in the prevalence of violent crime, especially for individuals who were subjected to detention, but a 2014 report published by the National Audit Office indicated reoffending rates had soared, especially among the youths subjected to community service as punishment for their violent criminal behaviour in the past (Government of the United Kingdom, 2013).  Ã‚  

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Lightweight Aggregate for Concrete Blocks

Lightweight Aggregate for Concrete Blocks 3R Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Almost everyone has heard those three words but the environment that we live are getting more polluted each day. In Malaysia, there is as annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Exploit this waste material not only maximises the use of oil palm, but also helps preserve natural resources and maintain ecological balance. Certain workmanship factors can be appreciable effects on the strength of block work such as incorrect adjustment of suction rate in block, bond between the units of block and deviation from vertical plane or alignment. Therefore, interlocking design is one of the better solutions for concrete blocks to solve this kind of workmanship installation problem. Interlocking lightweight concrete block can reduce building dead weight effectively and reduces transportation costs and foundation load requirements. Furthermore, interlocking lightweight concrete block is save time to installation for construction and allows many homeowners easy to do the work themselves. Interlocking lightweight concrete block provide better joint between units of block because they are self aligning and this is greatly increases the speed of construction. This is kill three birds is one stone for time, cost, and quality. So the selection of size, shape, body and surface appearance of Interlocking block is a great decision for prevent all those all common defect. AIM To apply waste material Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight aggregate at Interlocking lightweight concrete blocks. OBJECTIVE To study compressive strength and density of lightweight concrete To study Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight aggregate. To study the factors affect the strength of block. To produce the prototype of Interlocking lightweight blocks. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of study for this dissertation is concerned about design of interlocking lightweight blocks by using lightweight material. The material using is Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight aggregate. This research will cover on the performance (strength and density), design, and production a prototype of interlocking lightweight concrete blocks. BACKGROUND Interlocking lightweight blocks is one of the building walls used as barrier to control mass, energy, and particulate flow both within and across the system.. The shape of the Interlocking blocks is tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The function of tongues and grooves is to restrain horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block at the top of another without the use of mortar joints to provide better bond between units of block and make the wall strong enough to carry loads. Besides, interlocking block is a great invention for construction industry to save time and easy labour installed the wall either stacked or running bond configuration. For the cost issue, interlocking block is economical than conventional block due to no need to high-wages skilled masons and less mortar to use. Therefore the building costs are lower than for standard masonry construction. Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of the concrete which is lighter than conventional concrete density in the range of 140 to 150ib/ft3 (2240to 2400 kg/mm3). Lightweight concrete can be categories into three types which is no-fine concrete, aerated/foamed concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete. The main specialties of lightweight concrete are its to lower density, basic strength (no load bearing wall) and thermal conduction. Its advantages of the lightweight concrete are reduced dead load of the building, speed up construction productivity and handling cost. This is research is based on the performance of the lightweight aggregate concrete. Therefore, the lightweight aggregate concerned to use is wastes and recycled material due to issue on environmental preservation and sustainability. Styrofoam and Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is the great selection in this researched. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Oil Pal m Shell (OPS) aggregate has a unit weight of 500-600 kg/m3and this is approximately 60% lighter compared to the conventional crushed stone aggregates Currently, there is also an increasing demand for low-cost houses in Malaysia and therefore Oil Palm Shell (OPS) can be used as an alternative to the conventional aggregates in fulfil this demand (D.C.L.TEO, 2006). The behaviour of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete in a marine environment was also previously studied. PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HOW TO GET INFORMATION The information is categories to two categories which is primary data and secondary data. The information provides the very useful knowledge, experience and briefs our minds to achieve the aim and objective easily and success. Primary sources -Experiment For getting more information, the experiments play the very importance and indispensable roles. Experiment can provide the accurate information and helpful for experiment to get the confirmation of the data. In order to get the correct data for experiment bring to successful, the standard of experiment method must be follow during the experiments. British standard is one of the useful standards to provide wide range information and also for international levels. The experiment of the concrete testing will prepare and doing at the Laboratory in Tunku Abdul Rahman College. Secondary sources -Literature review Literature review is a secondary data source in the stage which is the information that has been gathered by researchers and recorded in books, articles, and other publications. Basically, this stage is concern to review all the getting information related to the lightweight concrete and interlocking sandwich block. For the relevant information, the source can get from conducted the reference book, newspaper, journal and website. Analysis and summarized the information after collect all the related data from research. Therefore, the data provide clear direction for achieve the objective and knowledgeable in this study. WHERE TO GET INFORMATION Besides get the information from the website, article books, journals, and newspaper the experiment result also is one of the rely sources. The experiment can provide the experiment results, hypothesis of the objective and conclude answer for the study during the laboratory experiments testing. Lastly, get the actual life experience from supervisor by conducted the interview and go though the site visit. WHAT TO GET INFORMATION The information can get is primary data when doing the experiment, and secondary data from website, article books, journals, and newspaper and etc. All the data will use for summarized and analysis for the purpose of achieve the objective of study. LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION OF LITERLOCKING BLOCKS WHAT IS AN INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCK? According to the (Sukri 2009) defined that interlocking hollow core concrete block that widely called interlocking block have tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The function of that tongue and groove is to restrain horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block on top of one another without the use of mortar joints to make the wall strong enough to carry loads from the upper floor or slab similar to the conventional load bearing walls. The design of interlocking concrete block is the tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block, is that they offer keys, which interlock with another blocks. Therefore, interlocking block provides better jointing and enough strength to support the load bearing walls. The interlocking design techniques are very effective to solve the workmanship problem to ensure the installation of block works is under better quality. Besides, interlocking blocks are d ifferent from the conventional blocks since they no need use mortar to jointing. Because of these characteristics, this is save time and no need hire high-skill workers when doing the block work. OIL PALM SHELL CONCRETE (OPSC) What is oil palm shell concrete? These mean the concrete using oil palm shell as lightweight aggregate. (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. Its state the oil palm shell as lightweight aggregate to substitute normal weight aggregate is possible and success techniques to make the lightweight concrete by mixing of the cement, sand, oil palm shell, and water. According to (U. Johnson Alengaram 2010) noted for conducted further study on the using oil palm shell and found out that similar to normal weight concrete (NWC), water to cement (w/c) ratio affects the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell-aggregate concrete. The 28-day compressive strength of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete varied between 5 and 25 MPa based on mix design. Based on the researched, the water cement ratio is one of the importances ke y point to mix the oil palm shell concrete because of the water ratio will direct affect the strength of the concrete with mechanical properties. Commonly, the water to be use is 0.40 to 0.60 water/cement ratio but only 0.23 of the water is required for hydration and the extra water is for full hydration and compaction of the concrete. STYROFOAM CONCRETE For the Styrofoam concrete, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) noted that From the point been mentioned above we have to look for a possible lightweight concrete which is less water adsorption and hence less cement content and therefore enhance its matrix characteristic. The potential lightweight aggregates to be used as concrete component is Styrofoam. Styrofoam has hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, good insulation properties and closed cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as good commercial lightweight aggregates and Styrofoam concrete produced density in the range of 1297-1387 kg/m3. Commonly, the lightweight concrete requirements are including lightweight, strength, sound insulation, heat insulation, and water resistance. Based on that, Styrofoam is one of the better materials for lightweight concrete because of lightweight, and strength strong enough. Furthermore, due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic, the water cement ratio is the main factor need to take more consideration when doing the concrete. Lastly, the Styrofoam concrete is light weight about 45% savings in total dead load of a structural member compared to conventional concrete. Therefore, this is save the cost of foundation required more special or strong technique to support the load of the building. PROPERTIES OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCK REQUIREMENT OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCK The interlocking concrete blocks have to provide the following functions (John Straube 2006): Support The blocks as the external or internal walls need to enough strong to support the static load (dead load) or dynamic load (live load) of the load bearing or non-load bearing walls. These loads have to be properly supported, resisted, and transferred to the building foundation. Control Interlocking blocks must be able to control mass, energy, and particulate flows both within and across the system. These include water, wind, air, smoke, odour, heat, light, noise, fire, blast, thief, birds, and insects. Finish (aesthetics) The finish function at the both of interior and exterior is the aesthetics of the finish surface, the visual, textural, and other aspect the designer wishes to convey with the visible element of the system. Distribution of service This function is related to the distribution of service through a building, both within a single element, and also multiple elements. Services like pipes, cables may run through envelope element as to provide services to the area close by. TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCK Nowadays, concrete block have create varies designs and difference strength since they are varies types, so according (Michael Gage and Tom Krikbride 1980) notes that, with continues improvement in quality and design of concrete blocks and their wider range of applications, BS 2028:1953 and BS 1364:1947 have been repeatedly revised and amended. Now, the two standards have been incorporated in one edition BS 2028, 1364:1968 Precast Concrete Blocks. This is publication gives new defined for the block and specifies new strength categories and test procedures. The distinction between type A, B and C concrete block, is based on the block density which is calculate by weight of the block by the overall volume (include holes and cavities). See table 1. CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE A For the type A concrete block, generally is used in the building including use below ground level damp-proof course. The concrete block must be of dense concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates. CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE B For the type B concrete block, generally is used in the building including use below ground level damp-proof course in internal walls, and the inner leaf of external cavity walls. The concrete block must be of dense concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates. Normally, should be solid hollow or cellular block made with dense aggregate and average compressive strength not less than 7.0 N/mm2. CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE C For the type c concrete block, generally is used in the building which is non load bearing walls such as the partitions and panels in framed construction. The purpose just for building insulation, finish (aesthetics) and service (privacy) but no for supporting the building load. FACTORS AFFECT THE STRENGTH OF BLOCK The common defects arising from the production process which will affect the strength of the concrete block such as the defects of size, defects of shape, defects of body, and defects of appearance. DEFECT OF SIZE For the defects of the size, generally defects are oversized and undersized of concrete block caused by pool material preparation, and faulty mould. The wall will uneven due to the blocks size is not uniform to do the structure bond. This will affect structure load cannot transfer properly of the wall. DEFECT OF SHAPE Defect of shape, is the shape which is difference with the actual accurate shape to propose. Normally causes the misshapen of block are the poor preparation of the mould, faults of stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. DEFECT OF BODY Common defect of the body is faults in the raw material body can make the defect happen such as cracking, bloating and laminations. This kind of defect will make the block breaking easily with the gap on the surface. DEFECT OF APPEARANCE The defect of the appearance is the surfaces of the block have a bubble or the honey comb shape. Honey comb is a void on the exterior of a concrete face. When the concrete is not vibrated properly during installation, honeycomb will form. This is a serious flaw, since reducing the strength of block. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK ADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK According to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, lightweight concrete lower dead load: Saving in the structural can be achieved due to the reduced dead load, particularly for longer span bridges. Lightweight concrete is light in weight than convention concrete weight; therefore reduced the dead load of the concrete for the building for supporting and transfer the load. (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, these savings can also be reflected in the cost of foundations (particularly where pilings are required), and in formwork and false-work requirements. The lighter weight also results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials, and pre-cast elements, etc. The lighter weight can permit the use of longer spans with a consequent reduction in the number of supports required. Lightweight concrete usually will be using the recycle material as lightweight aggregate to replace the normal weight aggregate since which to save the cost of the material and environment. Besides, the concrete blocks are lightweight and precast, therefore they is results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials, and pre-cast elements. According to the interlocking lightweight concrete block advantages (Bankole-Ojo 2008) noted that, hollow interlocking lightweight concrete block, compared to hollow concrete blocks, is that they offer keys, which interlock in the other blocks. Thus these walls offer more resistance to shear and buildings would be even stronger. The interlocking block provides the shapes of tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The advantage of this technique is provides the better jointing with another block with accurate horizontal alignment when doing block work. Without the need for high-waged skilled masons (except for the base course), by saving cement (less mortar) and with the speed of construction, the building costs are lower than for standard masonry construction. The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and convenience to install the block works with better alignment and jointing. Additional costs are saved by building load bearing walls, instead of infill walls between structural frameworks. DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK According to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, the disadvantages is Reduce resistance to locally concentrated loads as they occur at pre-stressing anchorages or bearings, hence increased confining reinforcement is required, lightweight concrete is more brittle because of high strength cement paste. The lightweight concrete need to provide more reinforcement to solve the concrete strength problem because the concrete weaker when load is concentrated. The lightweight concrete is using the high strength cement paste. Therefore this is brittle easily. The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and convenience to install the block works. But still need to provide certain amount of training is required to ensure that the walls are properly aligned and no gaps are left. Because the technique is still considered new to worker compare to conventional block works. Besides, interlocking block is better in jointing and alignment but the joints are not entirely resistant to wind and rain penetration, therefore, plastering the interior wall surfaces is usually necessary. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION The research methodology that will conduct for my project dissertation is laboratory experiment material testing and application. The project dissertation is carried out at the Tunku Abdul Rahman College laboratory. OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTE Oil palm shell concrete is mixing of cement, sand, aggregates and water. But the aggregate to be use is oil palm shell to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. The oil palm shell as lightweight concrete is possible and successfully to proven that can use for the building envelop. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Therefore oil palm shell is very common material that can be easy get from everywhere, huge amount and cheaper. For this project dissertation, that will to do the comparison of strength and density between oil palm shell lightweight concrete (OPSLC) and normal weight concrete (NWC). PROCEDURE TO CAST OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTE The constituents of oil palm shell concrete to be use include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), oil palm shell, sand and water. Usually the oil palm shell surface is still coating with some oil, therefore pre-treatment to remove the surface oil is necessary. The methods to be use include natural weathering, boiling in water, washing with detergent. After removed the oil palm shell surface oil, the selected aggregate size will be done by sieve analysis. For the recommended from researched, the size of aggregate which passing through the 12.5mm sieve and retained on the 4.75mm sieve was used. For the experiment, oil palm shell concrete mixing ratio will be proposed such as 1:1:2, 1:1:3 and 1:1:4 (cement: sand: ops aggregate). STYROFOAM CONCRETE Styrofoam concrete is mixing of cement, sand, styrofoam s and water. The Styrofoam will be use to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) noted that, he said the styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, good insulation properties and closed cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as good commercial lightweight aggregates. But the problem of mixing Styrofoam concrete is water/cement ratio because of styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, and non-absorbent. Therefore the water cement ratio to be use is less than conventional concrete mixing method. Due to these characteristic, Styrofoam is very difficult to mix with cement and sand. Therefore, from the researched find out the additional of the adhesive material can increase the plasticiser of the concrete and solve this kind of the problem. PROCEDUCE TO CAST STYROFOAM CONCRETE The constituents of Styrofoam concrete to be use include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Styrofoam, sand and water. The size of the Styrofoam to use is approximate 3mm to 5mm which is Styrofoam beads. Due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic since they are no absorber of water, therefore the water/cement ratio is less than conventional concrete required. Besides, the compaction of the Styrofoam concrete for experiment cube is by using vibration machines or hand compaction. The compaction of the Styrofoam concrete cannot by using tamping rod because of the Styrofoam will damage the Styrofoam components. From the researched, the recommend water cement ratio to be for Styrofoam concrete is 400 to 500ml. DENSITY Lightweight concrete is a concrete which is light by using the lightweight materials to replace the conventional materials. Therefore, the density of the lightweight concrete is depended on the material to be use. The different type of the lightweight materials will determine the different densities. Lastly, the density of the lightweight materials is importance to the concrete because the density of the concrete will affect the strength of the concrete. Referred to the Neville (1995), commonly the density lightweight aggregate material is range between 300 to 1850 kg/m3. The calculation the density is based on weight and size of the concrete. The method and formula to determine the density of the lightweight concrete will show in the appendix 1. COMPRESSION STRENGTH Compressive strength is one if the primary properties to ensure the strength of the concrete. They are many ways to test the compressive strength of the concrete which include destructive and non destructive tests. From the project dissertation, the method to be use for the lightweight aggregate concrete is destructive test which is cube test. The reason of choosing this method is accuracy, easy and convenient due to the size of cube is small. Furthermore, it is used as the standard method of measure compressive strength for the quality control purposes (Neville, 1994). The procedure of compressive strength test will show in the appendix 2. MAKING OF PROTOTYPE-INTERLOCKING BLOCK For this stage, the oil palm shell concrete and Styrofoam concrete as the lightweight aggregate concrete to produce interlocking blocks. The type of concrete block design is hollow concrete block which is has one or more large cavities which pass through the block. The purpose of hollow concrete block is to reduce the weight of the concrete block and provide a hole at the middle for allow reinforcement steel bar pass through it.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Resonance :: essays research papers fc

Resonance RESONANCE: " The property whereby any vibratory system responds with maximum amplitude to an applied force having the a frequency equal to its own." In english, this means that any solid object that is struck with a sound wave of equal sound wave vibrations will amplitude the given tone. This would explain the reason why some singers are able to break wine glasses with their voice. The vibrations build up enough to shatter the glass. This is called RESONANCE. Resonance can be observed on a tube with one end open. Musical tones can be produces by vibrating columns of air. When air is blown across the top of the open end of a tube, a wave compression passes along the tube. When it reaches the closed end, it is reflected. The molecules of reflected air meet the molecules of oncoming air forming a node at the closed end. When the air reaches the open end, the reflected compression wave becomes a rarefaction. It bounces back through the tube to the closed end, where it is reflected. the wave has now completed a single cycle. It has passed through the tube four times making the closed tube, one fourth the length of a sound wave. By a continuous sound frequency, standing waves are produced in the tube. This creates a pure tone. We can use this knowledge of one fourth wavelength to create our own demonstration. It does not only have to be done using wind, but can also be demonstrated using tuning forks. If the frequency of the tuning forks is known, then v=f(wavelength) can find you the length of your air column. Using a tuning fork of frequency 512 c/s, and the speed of sound is 332+0.6T m/s, temperature being, 22 degrees, substitute into the formula. Calculate 1/4 wavelength V=f(wavelength) wavelength=V/f =345.2 (m/s) / 512 (c/s) =0.674 m/c 1/4 wave. =0.674 (m/c) / 4 = 0.168 m/c Therefore the pure tone of a tuning fork with frequency 512 c/s in a temperature of 22 degrees would be 16.8 cm. The pure tone is C. If this was done with other tuning forks with frequencies of 480, 426.7, 384, 341.3, 320, 288, and 256 c/s then a scale in the key of C would be produced. There are many applications of this in nature. One example of this would be the human voice. Our vocal chords create sound waves with a given frequency, just like the tuning fork. One of the first applications of the wind instrument was done in ancient Greece where the pipes of pan were created.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease.The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the eco nomic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America.I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation.According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with th e poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear.The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world's fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world.Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world's longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sou rces such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system.By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1.According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the co sts of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease.According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor(Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poo r sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP.Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development.In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0.3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs.Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve.The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets' work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income.Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 w ater pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution.Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development.In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKCmeaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state tha t the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Free Will in Experimental Philosophy Essay

Although the â€Å"free will† problem envelops a spectrum of ideas, I agree with the following belief: â€Å"The folk are compatibilists about free will. † While there are, of course, incompatibilists and indeterminists, for the most part, the general population consists of compatibilists. Now, I know experimental philosophy has a problem with the use of generalizations without actual statistics, but throughout this paper, I will explain exactly why the world revolves in a generally compatibilist manner. Firstly, to speak of compatibilism, you’d have to assume that the world is deterministic, meaning that everything that happens from here on out, including human action, is caused by the facts of everything that has happened before it. With that assumption in mind, compatibilist believe that we still have free will as long as we aren’t operating under external limitations. The problem with that is that although compatibilists believe we are free, there is still disagreement on just exactly how free we may be, which is the weak spot indeterminists and incompatibilists use to try to break the argument. One nature of compatibilism is referred to as classic compatibilism. This means that we’d be acting freely as long as we, without being impeded by any outside force, take a course of action that we personally choose for ourselves. These compatibilists believe that it is the presence of impediments such as â€Å"physical restraints, lack of opportunity, duress or coercion, physical or mental impairment, and the like† that would cause us to not act freely (Caruso, 2012). However, this line of reasoning is not accepted by those who support the Consequence Argument. In the simplest terms, this argument states that no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature. Also, no one has power over the fact that the facts of the past and the laws of nature entail every fact of the future (i. e. , determinism is true). Because of that, no one has power over the facts of the future (McKenna, 2004). Compatibilists respond to this by saying that the focal point should be the differentiation between free and un-free, and not by the absence of causes. Other philosophers argue that we act freely when our first order and second order desires become aligned. Because our mental processes are more developed than those of younger children and simpler animals, we have the rationale to decide whether our instincts or raw desires should be acted upon. That rationale is referred to as the second order desires (Frankfurt, 1971). For example, Chris is at the bar with his girlfriend Ana. While Chris has stepped away to the restroom, Jose approaches Ana and flirts with her in a manner that she does not feel comfortable with. Once out of the bathroom, Chris sees this. Enraged, he initially wants to go and physically put Jose in his place. In spite of this, he remembers that he is up for a promotion at work, and getting into a bar fight probably won’t help his chances of receiving it. He tells Ana to collect her things. They leave. What we see here is the protagonist, Chris, experiencing first order desires that make him want to hurt Jose. His second order desires are what tell him that although he is feeling those first order desires, his second order desires are not in agreement and therefore, he shouldn’t act on them. Although some compatibilists seem to be satisfied with this reasoning because it justifies the causation of our actions, it doesn’t explain whether our thoughts and desires are consequences of the past as well. An example would be that Kate feels the desire to take a run in the park and does so. Yet, if determinism is true, which compatibilists believe it is, she is already determined to feel that way, and although she may want to feel that way, without any outside force acting on her she is not free (McKenna, 2004). Her first order and second order desires may even align, but without the ability to do otherwise, due to determinism, she would not be free. Even so, compatibilist Michael Levin says â€Å"minding or accepting one’s desires is as much an effect of past causes as the desires themselves,† but if our internal desires are causally determined, they cannot also be free. All it would be is a different form of causality (Caruso, 2012). Nevertheless, compatibilists argue that it isn’t necessary for an individual to have been able to do otherwise (Nahmias, Stephen, Nadelhoffer, & Turner, 2005). If there were the choices of A through Z and someone that could manipulate me into doing A that would do so if I didn’t do it on my own, I would still have free will if I picked A without the manipulation. In this case, compatibilist see me as having had free will because I chose A on my own. My 1st order desires were aligned with my 2nd and that is why A happened. If I had been manipulated to do so, then the problem of free will would once again come into question, but being that the manipulator is fairly irrelevant to the story since I acted on my own accord, and would have done the same thing without the potential manipulative factor. Also, there a couple of studies done to determine what relationship non-philosophers believed existed between free will, determinism, and moral responsibility. In Study 1, there were three scenarios. Scenario 1 was negative. Scenario 2 was positive, and Scenario 3 was neutral. In all three cases, between 68 – 79% of folk said there was free will. While there were some fluctuations in percentages when it came to the association between free will and the ability to choose otherwise, the amount of participants making judgments that disagreed with incompatibilism was two to three times greater than those that followed along with incompatibilist intuitions. This study was supported by their second study. In this study, they tell the subjects that everything in the universe is caused completely by their genes and environment. The scenario takes twins, Fred and Barney, and places Fred with the Jerksons and Barney with the Kindersons. One day they both find a wallet with $1000. Fred keeps it, while Barney returns it to its rightful owner. When polling the participants, 76% said they both acted on their own free will and could have done otherwise. This shows that the majority of folk believe that compatibilism is true, and while external factors and facts of the past might influence the choice making process, it does not define it; therefore we are free within the confines of a determined universe (Nahmias, Stephen, Nadelhoffer, & Turner, 2005). Now, why do I personally find â€Å"the folk are compatibilist about free will† to be true? Aside from the aforementioned statistics, the reason is that if we did not find a middle ground between free will and determinism, we wouldn’t do any of the things we do. Everything from the grading systems used in schools to receiving a promotion at work all the way to fighting wars is done in a compatibilist manner. The premise of all these concepts is the idea that if you choose do X, having the option of Y, Z will happen. If you work hard enough in school (X), you will receive good grades (Z), even though you can just be lazy (Y). If you are the most productive and pleasant at your job (X), you will receive a promotion (Z). If we go into a war (X), we have the chance of winning (Z). While all the factors in each of those scenarios might have also been determined, there is no reason for us to feel disappointment when we really studied but still managed to only get a B on a test or when we lose troops across seas. Though the previous paragraph does explain that folk believe in free will, it doesn’t explain why folk have the compatibilist view of free will. The reasoning for that is because while compatibilists believe that you can control some aspects of your life, you can’t control all of them. As Michael Levin said, â€Å"Compatibilist usually agree that free will does require behavior at least to be determined, since you cannot freely do what is beyond your control. † For example, we are born and we die. The sun rises. The sun sets. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. There are certain laws of physics that we must adhere to. Some will argue that we believe those to be stable laws of how the universe will operate, but only because that’s what it’s done until now. Tomorrow we might not have the sun rise, and tomorrow we might inhale carbon monoxide and exhale nitrogen. However, since certain things have been fixed for a trustworthy amount of time, we, the folk, have accepted it as determined facts of the universe. The determined factors of the universe are the skeleton upon which we place the flesh that is our free will. ? References Caruso, G. D. (2012). The Folk Psychology of Free Will: Arguement Against Compatibilism. Kriterion – Journal of Philosophy, 26, 56-89. Frankfurt, H. G. (1971, January 14). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The Journal of Philosophy, 5-20. McKenna, M. (2004, April 26). Compatibilism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/compatibilism/ Nahmias, E. , Stephen, M. , Nadelhoffer, T. , & Turner, J. (2005, October). Surverying Freedom: Folk Intuitions about Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Philosophical Psychology, 18(5), 561 – 584.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Counseling essays

Counseling essays Jane appears to suffer from a number of personality disorders due to her family situation. Her parents and her siblings all appear, both to her and to the world in general, to find success without effort. Their physical attributes furthermore contribute, or seem to contribute, and to work in concomitant with their drive towards success. In other words; they are driven because they are beautiful and therefore attain success; and their beauty gives them drive. When any of Janes four family members therefore attempt something new, success is almost inevitable. Not being endowed with the same physical beauty of her parents or siblings, it is to be expected that Jane would feel somewhat left behind by the success that her family achieved. Expecting the same level of success from Jane as from their other children, Janes parents achieve the opposite by giving her negative feedback. Rather than being supportive, they are abrasive even when Jane tries her best to reach their seemingly i mpossible demands for success. As her therapist, I have therefore chosen the person-centered paradigm of therapy. I believe that this type of therapy will help Jane not only to begin taking responsibility for her own life, but also to feel less powerless and guilty in doing so. This therapy is best for Jane particularly, as I do believe that she has a vast well of untapped potential, which her parents are unable to unlock. Janes parents are used to success coming easily, and they may therefore be expected to regard Jane in the same light as the other siblings. Jane is however not the same type of person with the same talents as they are. She needs encouragement in order to pursue her own passions and talents, and to become a person in her own right. This is what I will attempt to help her with by using person-centered therapy. In terms of background, person-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers during the 1930s. The mo...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Balance

Balance Balance BalanceHow do we look at space?Objects- Have a certain size. Brightness value, location.Seeing involves all the above.We do not we see a total, visual field. Objects are alive, want to move and return to certain places or remain static. Objects in a space have different forces acting abound them, attraction or repulsion.This means that a visual experience is dynamic.The eye tends to complete objects and perceive them as it wants. Ex: an incomplete circle is seen as a whole circle with a missing part.We as humans are constantly seeking to find the proper distance between objects, a distance which to us feels beautiful and balanced.Forces in an area are not only affected by the boundaries but also by the diagonals.Perpetual forces:Are they real?They are assumed to be real both psychologically and physically.Psychologically- the pull on the disk is experienced by the person looking at it.These pulls have a point of attack, a direction and intensity.For this reason, psychologists speak o f psychological forces.Physically- molecular forces. Retina stimulationTwo disks in one squareForces are still acting from the disks and square.When the two disks lie close, they attract each other and look like an indivisible thing.At a certain distance, they repel each other.These distances change in relation to the square size and dot size.In physical, balance is achieved when the forces acting upon eachother are equal. Equal strength pulling in the opposite direction.When it comes to visiual balance, every object has a centre of gravity. The eye's intuition is the best way to determine balance.There is a difference between physical and visual balaqnce. Ex: a sculpture may be visiually balanced but not physically balanced and may...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Adolescent health screenGCU

Health History and Screening of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client Save this form on your computer as a Microsoft Word document. You can expand or shrink each area as you need to include the relevant data for your client. Student Name: Date: January 28, 2014 Biographical Data Patient/Client Initials: Phone No: N/A Address: Birth Date: Age: 12Sex: f Birthplace: Upland, CA. Marital Status: Single Race/Ethnic Origin: Caucasian Occupation: StudentEmployer:N/A Financial Status: (Income adequate for lifestyle and/or health concerns. Is there a source of health insurance? Employment disability? ) Insurance provided by parent Source and Reliability of Informant: Informant: Client, Reliable Past Use of Health Care System and Health Seeking Behaviors: Routine exams and vaccinations Present Health or History of Present Illness: Present health is good Past Health History General Health: (Patient’s own words) â€Å"I only get sick when my little brother brings something home† Allergies: (include food and medication allergies) NKA Reaction: Current Medications: N/A Last Exam Date: 8/2013Immunizations: 8/2013 Childhood Illnesses: UTI Serious or Chronic Illnesses: N/A Past Health Screening (see â€Å"Well Young Adult Behavior Health Assessment History Screening† below) Past Accidents or Injuries: None Past Hospitalizations: none Past Operations: none Family History (Specify which family member is affected. ) Alcoholism (ETOH use/abuse): Maternal grandfather Allergies:Mother and brother-seasonal; maternal grandmother- penicillin Arthritis:N/A Asthma: Maternal Aunt Blood Disorders:N/A Breast Cancer:Maternal great grandmother Cancer (Other): Bladder- maternal grat uncle Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke):Paternal grandfather Diabetes:Maternal grandfather Heart Disease:N/A High Blood Pressure:Father Immunological Disorders:N/A Kidney Disease:N/A Mental Illness:N/A Neurological Disorder:N/A Obesity:N/A Seizure Disorder:N/A Tuberculosis:N/A Obstetric History (if applicable) Gravida:N/ATerm:Preterm:Ab/incomplete: Course of Pregnancy (length of pregnancy, delivery date, method of delivery, length of labor, complications, baby’s weight, baby’s condition): Well Young Adult Behavioral Health History Screening Socio-Demographic Content and Questions: What organizations or activities (community, school, church, lodge, social, professional, academic, sports) are you involved in? Softball, GATE, Science club, and Soccer How would you describe your community? â€Å"It’s nice. Sometimes it gets boring but I like it here. † Hobbies, skills, interests, recreational activities? â€Å"I like making crafts like bracelets and I also like to make things out of colorful duct tape. † Military service: Yes_______ No_x______ If yes, overseas assignment? Yes________ No_________ Close friends or family members who have died within past 2 years? N/A Number of relatives or close friends in this area? â€Å"Most of my family and all my friends live around me. I only have two uncle that live far away {San Diego}†. Marital status: Single_x_____ Married________Divorced_________Separated_________ In serious relationship________ Length of time_________ Environmental Content and Questions: Do you live alone? Yes________ No __x______ When did you last move? â€Å"My mom moved 3 years ago and my dad moved 2 years ago. † Describe your living situation? Number of years of education completed? 6 Occupation? Student If employed, how long? Are you satisfied with this work situation? Do you consider your work dangerous or risky? Is your work stressful? Over the past 2 years have you felt depressed or hopeless? No Biophysical Content and Questions Have you smoked cigarettes? Yes_______ No___x_____ How much? Less than ? pack per day_____ About 1 pack per day? ______ More than 1 and ? packs per day______ Are you smoking now? Yes_______ No________ Length of time smoking? ______________ Have you ever smoked illicit drugs? Yes__________ No___x______ If yes, for how long? ___________ Do you smoke these now? Yes__________ No __________ Do you ingest illicit drugs of any kind? Yes_________ No___x_______ If so, what drugs do you use and what is the route of ingestion? _________ How long have you used these drugs _________________ Review of Systems (Include both past and current health problems. Comment on all present issues. ) General Health State (present weight – gain or loss, reason for gain or loss, amount of time for gain or loss; fatigue, malaise, weakness, sweats, night sweats, chills ): Good Skin (history of skin disease, pigment or color change, change in mole, excessive dryness or moisture, pruritis, excessive bruising, rash or lesion): Seasonal dryness Health Promotion (Sun exposure? Skin care products? ): Does not wear sunscreen Hair (recent loss or change in texture): No change Health Promotion (method of self-care, products used for care): Washes hair 4 times a week but conditions daily Nails (change in color, shape, brittleness): No change Health Promotion (method of self-care, products used for care): Wears nail polish Head (unusual headaches, frequency of headaches, head injury, dizziness, syncope or vertigo): Dizziness when drinks coffee Eyes (difficulty or change in vision, decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots, eye pain, diplopia, redness or swelling, watering or discharge, glaucoma or cataracts): Recent change in glasses prescription Health Promotion (wears glasses or contacts and reason, last vision check, last glaucoma check, sun protection): Wears glasses at all times Ears (earaches, infections, discharge and its characteristics, tinnitus or vertigo): No history of aches or infections Health Promotion (hearing loss, hearing aid use, environmental noise exposure, methods for cleaning ears): Uses q-tips for daily cleaning Nose and Sinuses (discharge and its characteristics, frequent or severe colds, sinus pain, nasal obstruction, nosebleeds, seasonal allergies, change in sense of smell): Within normal limits Health Promotion (methods for cleaning nose): Blows nose when congested. Mouth and Throat (mouth pain, sore throat, bleeding gums, toothache, lesions in mouth, tongue, or throat, dysphagia, hoarseness, tonsillectomy, alteration in taste): Within normal limits Health Promotion (Daily dental care – brushing, flossing. Use of prosthetics – bridges, dentures. Last dental exam/check-up. ):Brushes once to twice a day, but does not floss. Sees dentist q 6mo. Neck (pain, limitation of motion, lumps or swelling, enlarged or tender lymph nodes, goiter): Within normal limits Neurologic System (history of seizure disorder, syncopal episodes, CVA, motor function or coordination disorders/abnormalities, paresthesia, mood change, depression, memory disorder, history of mental health disorders): Within normal limits Health Promotion (activities to stimulate thinking, exam related to mood changes/depression): In accelerated programs at school (GATE) Endocrine System (history of diabetes or insulin resistance, history of thyroid disease, intolerance to heat or cold): Within normal limits Health Promotion (last blood glucose test and result, diet): No history of glucose testing. Admits to eating candy 3-4 times a day. Breast and Axilla (pain, lump, tenderness, swelling, rash, nipple discharge, any breast surgery): Within normal limits Health Promotion (performs breast self-exam – both male and female, last mammogram and results, use of self-care products): Does not perform self breast exams Respiratory System (History of lung disease, smoking, chest pain with breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, cough – productive or nonproductive. Sputum – color and amount. Hemoptysis, toxin or pollution exposure. ): Within normal limits Health Promotion (last chest x-ray, smoking cessation): No history of chest x-ray, has never smoked Cardiac System (history of cardiac disease, MI, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, chest pain, angina): Within normal limits Health Promotion (last cardiac exam): No history of cardiac exam Peripheral Vascular System (coldness, numbness, tingling, swelling of legs/ankles, discoloration of hands/feet, varicose veins, intermittent claudication, thrombophlebitis or ulcers): Within normal limits Health Promotion (avoid crossing legs, avoid sitting/standing for long lengths of time, promote wearing of support hose):Stays physically active Hematologic System (bleeding tendency of skin or mucous membranes, excessive bruising, swelling of lymph nodes, blood transfusion and any reactions, exposure to toxic agents or radiation): Within normal limits Health Promotion (use of standard precautions when exposed to blood/body fluids): No exposure to blood/body fluids Gastrointestinal System (appetite, food intolerance, dysphagia, heartburn, indigestion, pain [with eating or other], pyrosis, nausea, vomiting, history of abdominal disease, gastric ulcers, flatulence, bowel movement frequency, change in stool [color, consistency], diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding): Occasional diarrhea. BM once to twice per day Health Promotion (nutrition – quality/quantity of diet; use of antacids/laxatives): Admits to poor diet consisting of processed and fast food. Home cooked meals consumed 3 times a week. Musculoskeletal System (history of arthritis, joint pain, stiffness, swelling, deformity, limitation of motion, pain, cramps or weakness): Within normal limits Health Promotion (mobility aids used, exercises, walking, effect of limited range of motion): Exercise achieved in PE at school and softball practice. Urinary System (recent change, frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria, polyuria, oliguria, hesitancy or straining, urine color, narrowed stream, incontinence; history of urinary disease; pain in flank, groin, suprapubic region or low back): Within normal limits Health Promotion (methods used to prevent urinary tract infections, use of feminine hygiene products, Kegel exercises):Wipes front to back to prevent UTI Male Genital System (penis or testicular pain, sores or lesions, penile discharge, lumps, hernia): N/A Health Promotion (performs testicular self-exam): Female Genital System (menstrual history, age of first menses, last menstrual cycle, frequency of cycles, premenstrual pain, vaginal itching, discharge, premenopausal symptoms, age at menopause, postmenopausal bleeding): No menses. Within normal limits Health Promotion (last gynecological checkup, pap-smear and results, use of feminine hygiene products): No gynecologic check-up history or feminine products used. Sexual Health (presently involved in relationship involving intercourse or other sexual activity, aspects of sex satisfactory, use of contraceptive, is relationship monogamous, history of STD): Not sexually active Health Promotion (safe-sex practices): Will be starting sexual education course in school in two weeks. Nursing Diagnoses: Based on this health history and health screening, identify three nursing diagnoses that would be applicable for this client as well as your rationale for your selection of each nursing diagnosis. Include: One â€Å"actual† nursing diagnosis with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. Imbalanced nutrition; less than body requirements R/T consumption of fast/processed foods daily AEB adolescent’s statements. Consumption of fast food in adolescents has increased rapidly since the 1970’s and it is estimated that 75% of American adolescent eat fast food 1 or more times per week (Ebbeling, et. al, 2004). Fast food has been linked to childhood obesity and T2DM. These processed meals contain little nutritional value, are not balanced, and provide empty calories. As with this adolescent, fast food is a inexpensive option for a quick meal. As a child of divorced parents, her mother works and is often in need of a quick and low cost meal for her and her children. One wellness nursing diagnosis with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. Readiness for enhanced nutrition R/T improving food choices AEB adolescent’s desire to change diet and recent diagnosis of grandfather’s T2DM. Family history of T2DM is a major contributing risk factor in the development of the disease (Valdez, 2009). Adolescents are at an age where they can make their own food choices but lack the ability to acquire funds to purchase food. While discussing her diet, the adolescent stated that there are healthier food options she could make, even if they come from a fast food establishment. One â€Å"risk for† nursing diagnosis based on the health screening with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T lack of sun screen use and UV exposure AEB frequent sun burns. â€Å"Extended sun exposure in childhood and adolescents increases the probability of skin cancer in adulthood† (Saridi, et. al, 2013). While discussing sun exposure and the dangers of skin cancer, she stated â€Å"That’s an older person’s problem. † A lack of education of the dangers and the â€Å"It won’t happen to me† attitude are contributing factors in her noncompliance with sun protection.

Friday, October 18, 2019

COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL CARE - Essay Example The hospitals that Dr. Steven visits get a large number of people from the mainstream population which is predominantly white. However, he occasionally gets to see people from diverse cultural backgrounds, especially immigrants from the Middle Eastern countries like Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Ahmed Babak is an Iranian man who migrated in the late 1990s with his wife, Alicia Baig who is from the same country. After living in the UK for the last decade, Alicia is having problems with her husband who wants her to continue to wear hijab and prevents her from working at office. She wanted to take help from extended family members, some of who live in the same city, but Ameer Baig was not interested. Ahmed has been suffering from depression and memory loss and had been referred to Dr. Steven through the NHS. Dr. Steven has not been able to make a rapport with Ahmed, who feels intimidated by the six feet two doctor. He is reluctant to share the private and intimate details of his married life with someone who is a foreigner. Dr. Steven feels that Ahmed is from a relatively inhibited culture and that he needs to have more confidence in himself and be open about the realities. Ahmed also is not very fluent with English and he finds it difficult to understand Dr. Steven’s words. ... Ahmed does not want to sit alone with Dr. Steven and feels physically intimidated and overwhelmed in most of the sessions, while the Doctor has to rake his brains to put anything across his patient. PART B: 1. Skills for Effective Communication The above case study shows that the there are basic communication issues related to the differences in the social and cultural differences between the practitioner and the service user. Some of the skills that could be useful for better communication under the conditions are elaborated upon in the paragraphs below. 1.1 Skills: Understanding the Cultural and Social Context in order to Create Empathy and Security for the service user As per the communication theory of social constructionist, any communication is assumed to be based on the sharing of ideas and thoughts, the interpretation of which is rooted in the social dynamics of the people involved (Ritzer, 2008). The interaction between Dr. Steven and his client is a true reflection of the t heory, as though the duo are engaged in communication, their very different socio-cultural contexts make them have preconceived notions about each other and also prevent them from understanding each other’s messages correctly. For example, Dr. Steven is from a UK background, being born and educated in the UK and having faith in the Western methods and approaches to psychological therapy. He relies on the patients to provide him with information and details directly and explicitly, so that he may formulate a plan of action and therapy for them. However, in the case of Ahmed, he is from a Muslim Arab culture where direct conversations of personal issues and that too with strangers are

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman Essay

The Republic of Mass Culture by James L. Baughman - Essay Example Proceeding with an outline of the extent to which television impacted the operational parameters of both radio and print journalism, Baughman explains how and why this led to cooperation, rather than competition. As radio, film and print journalism found themselves confronted by television, a communications and entertainment medium which was drawing audiences away from them, they realized their inherent limitations for successful and effective competition. Quite simply stated, they could not compete with television. They, therefore, relied on a survival strategy which they had used in the past when faced with similar challenges: cooperation and imitation as opposed to competition. In brief, when newspapers were confronted with the challenged posed by radio, not only did they proceed to make significant changes to their content but they gave greater space to entertainment and pictures. Certainly, the gap between radio and newspaper remained but it gradually narrowed down in such a way as to allow the survival of the latter in face of the competition posed by the former. As Baughman explains through an in-depth historical analysis, this strategy was used vis--vis each new mass medium. The television, however, proved... As a survival strategy, however, this was simply not sufficient. Print journalism and radio could hardly compete with television but what they did do was define the mass media market itself and proceed to identify the different segments and sub-segments wherein, following which the engaged in the identification of their target audience and the design of content to meet the tastes of the target segments. The mass media evolved into an industry which relied on market studies and marketing in order, not just to survive but, to prosper and grow. The mass media industry began to borrow and implement the tools and strategies traditionally associated with other industries. Hence, marketing and PR departments evolved. Even as regards newspapers whose primary purpose is to report the news, irrespective of whether the public will find it enjoyable' and interesting, or not, content was influenced by marketing research. As Baughman argues, "market forces, or, more accurately, a perception of the market"1 shaped the content of mass media and influenced the evolution of novel trends therein. As he explains the extent to which the mass media made the transition from an information communications medium, whose content was primarily determined by developing news and events, to an almost wholly entertainment based channel of popular communication, whose content is determined by market studies, Baughman presents a controversial thesis. We are not, as seems to be the popular opinion, living in the Information Age but in an age where, despite the abundance of media channels and types, information is superficial and geared towards entertainment. The public, the market, is dictating the information to be conveyed and, within the context of the

Aristotelian and Stoic Ideas Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aristotelian and Stoic Ideas - Thesis Example The soul, moreover, in the Stoic sense is isolated to its psychological or its mind functions, those related to mental activities, whereas there are two other lower categories of pneuma, or breath, that are related first to the formation of a cohesive and characteristic whole, as in the case of non-animate objects such as the soil and rocks, and secondly to what the Stoics refer to as the natural pneuma, which is the pneuma associated with the life force in plants. The soul is the highest pneuma, of which plants do not share, and that soul has for its functions or characteristics the categories of desire, the ability to gather impressions from the senses, and cognition and the life of the intellect, rationality, the ability to give or to hold back assent to natural impulses. The soul is the higher principle in the Stoic sense (Lorenz). From the Aristotelian perspective, on the other hand, the soul is that organizing principle that governs all of the activities and actions of all life forms, including plants. This all-encompassing view of the soul posits in essence that all kinds of activities that are to be associated with living things find their root in the activity or the essence of the soul. This is a comprehensive take on the nature of life and of the soul, in that all kinds of activities, from the very function of the individual cells, to the ability of organisms to make food from sunlight to swallowing food, to swimming or drinking or reproducing, to healing themselves, to making all kinds of noises, have for their foundation the abilities and functions that are enabled by the presence of the soul. On the other hand, because the soul is the essence of these activities, they are not to be found in the bodies that the soul inhabits.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Comparative Analysis - Essay Example In Genesis 2, God created heavens and earth. In addition, after creating the land, God made it grow tree out of it in order to make it pleasant, and created rivers passing through it. Then, God created man to till the land (Genesis 1 and 2). The Mongolian creation story revolves around a father and two sons who lived in the world, which by then was made of the upper and under world and covered by water all over. The two boys decided to create dry land using mud then later created animals to stay on that land including the dog that first had very smooth skin, which could talk. The American Mayan creation theory talks of existence of two gods before the world attained its true form. These were the Maker and the Feathered Spirit who lived in utmost darkness, except for their glittering features. Consequently, the two gods collectively created the world and things in it, which happened instantly according to their thoughts. Darwin’s theory on the origin of species is another creat ion theory is based on the idea of variation. It argues that the many characteristics and adaptations that differentiate different species of organisms is an indication of possible evolution of species over time, which continually diverged. These creation stories reveal that there are two sides to creation, that is, naturalists vs. evolutionists. Contrary to what naturalists suggest, species are not created independently, neither are they immutable. Nevertheless, all these stories differ on how species developed into their current complex forms, but they are reconcilable in the fact that they share a common ground that creation started from an existing being or object ignited by some supernatural power. According to Genesis 1 story of creation, first there was heaven and earth, which was void without any form. Then God said, â€Å"Let there be light: and there was light† (Genesis 1),

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist Assignment

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist - Assignment Example ans that the races can be viewed both as a biological construct that focuses on low levels of genetic diversity of humans, the clinical distribution of human characteristics, the non-concordance of human traits as well as the greater polymorphic as opposed to polytypic variants. In the case of cultural construct, it is arguable that the concept of race simply exists in the minds of different people. The anthropologists, therefore, believe that race cannot be solely explained through biology but by the understanding of the how individuals use the external attributes of humans to link them to different genetic traits that classify humans. This explains that it is extremely practical to understand the concept of race by assessing how humans create different groups in the society and how they strive to identify with these groups. Racial identification is evident in the different group interactions (Audio lecture 2015). It is, therefore, worth to conclude that an understanding of relations of different people in relation to culture as well as understanding of their physical characteristics is extremely vital and useful in the study pf races as compared to applying biological concepts. For instance, race is non-concordant since it is not correlated to bodily attributes such as skin color, weight or height. Race is also clinally invariant since we cannot trace its onset or its

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Aristotelian and Stoic Ideas Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aristotelian and Stoic Ideas - Thesis Example The soul, moreover, in the Stoic sense is isolated to its psychological or its mind functions, those related to mental activities, whereas there are two other lower categories of pneuma, or breath, that are related first to the formation of a cohesive and characteristic whole, as in the case of non-animate objects such as the soil and rocks, and secondly to what the Stoics refer to as the natural pneuma, which is the pneuma associated with the life force in plants. The soul is the highest pneuma, of which plants do not share, and that soul has for its functions or characteristics the categories of desire, the ability to gather impressions from the senses, and cognition and the life of the intellect, rationality, the ability to give or to hold back assent to natural impulses. The soul is the higher principle in the Stoic sense (Lorenz). From the Aristotelian perspective, on the other hand, the soul is that organizing principle that governs all of the activities and actions of all life forms, including plants. This all-encompassing view of the soul posits in essence that all kinds of activities that are to be associated with living things find their root in the activity or the essence of the soul. This is a comprehensive take on the nature of life and of the soul, in that all kinds of activities, from the very function of the individual cells, to the ability of organisms to make food from sunlight to swallowing food, to swimming or drinking or reproducing, to healing themselves, to making all kinds of noises, have for their foundation the abilities and functions that are enabled by the presence of the soul. On the other hand, because the soul is the essence of these activities, they are not to be found in the bodies that the soul inhabits.

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist Assignment

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist - Assignment Example ans that the races can be viewed both as a biological construct that focuses on low levels of genetic diversity of humans, the clinical distribution of human characteristics, the non-concordance of human traits as well as the greater polymorphic as opposed to polytypic variants. In the case of cultural construct, it is arguable that the concept of race simply exists in the minds of different people. The anthropologists, therefore, believe that race cannot be solely explained through biology but by the understanding of the how individuals use the external attributes of humans to link them to different genetic traits that classify humans. This explains that it is extremely practical to understand the concept of race by assessing how humans create different groups in the society and how they strive to identify with these groups. Racial identification is evident in the different group interactions (Audio lecture 2015). It is, therefore, worth to conclude that an understanding of relations of different people in relation to culture as well as understanding of their physical characteristics is extremely vital and useful in the study pf races as compared to applying biological concepts. For instance, race is non-concordant since it is not correlated to bodily attributes such as skin color, weight or height. Race is also clinally invariant since we cannot trace its onset or its

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Definition of art Essay Example for Free

Definition of art Essay A number of people have asked about the value of addressing aesthetics, the philosophy of art, or the definition of art. The reasoning is that if it is so difficult to define, it must therefor be ultimately subjective, and each person should just determine for herself what it is. Perhaps we all do determine for ourselves the meaning of anything. Because, as in the tree falling in the forest example, the meaning does not exist if it does not exist for me personally. I am allowed to define table or chair any way I wish for myself, but if I hope to communicate with others about tables and chairs, the meaning or definition must be shared. And that shared meaning derives from a combination of (a) acquired meanings from those whom we give credibility and (b) connotations developed from our experiences with tables and chairs. If there were really no way to define art, there would be no way to determine what is art, and art could be anything. Fortunately, art can be defined, although not succinctly in verbal form, as we might define table or chair. We learn the definition indirectly through understanding why works have been labeled art by critics and artists in the past, and directly by understanding the perspectives of those critics and artists. From the standpoint of complete subjectivity, if art can be anything, it is meaningless as a term == art is everything and nothing. There is nothing that is not art, so everything is art. The term art has no shared meaning and has no value in communication, and yet we use it all the time. By what criteria do you determine what is art for yourself? Because it pleases you? Because it pleases your friends, or someone you respect, or most people around you? What criteria constitute pleasing? What does it do to please? From another perspective, other than pragmatic needs, by what criteria do we select a season? Or what material we place in museums? By what criteria do we judge quality? How do we determine good from not good? Whatever criteria we use become our criteria for our aesthetic, which then become, in fact, our definition of our art. It is useful and valid for us to question what those criteria are, to challenge the validity of those criteria, and to constantly explore new criteria to define the art experience. In order to comprehend the options of criteria, the kinds of questions to ask of our criteria, the possible limits of our personal vision, it is worthwhile to explore the explorations of others. Understand that the definition of art and the determination of quality are linked and mutually affected. Alter one and the other is changed. One additional concern is the value in trying to understand how art works have meaning. Once we begin to explore this as artists, our work instantly changes dimension. It moves from the surface to the soul and allows us to refocus on the meaningful.

Monday, October 14, 2019

What Is It Governance Information Technology Essay

What Is It Governance Information Technology Essay IT governance is the process for controlling an organisation information technology resource, where these resources are defined to include information and communication systems as well as technology. An organisation management and owners (represented by the board of directors ) share responsibility for governing both enterprise and IT. Enterprise governance is the process of setting and implementing corporate strategy, making sure the organisation achieve its objectives efficiently, and manage risk. It governance is an increasingly important part of enterprise governance because of organisational dependent on information and communication, the scale of IT investment, potential for IT to create strategic opportunities, and the level of IT risk. IT governance also required controlling the process to ensure that it complies with regulatory, legal and contractual requirements. Organisation structure Boards and executive management have long known the need for enterprise and corporate governance. However, most are beginning to realize that there is a need to extend governance to information technology as well, and provide the leadership, organisational structures and processes that ensure that the enterprises IT sustains and extends the enterprises strategies andobjectives. Strategic alignment focuses on ensuring the linkage of business and IT plans; defining, maintaining and validating the IT value proposition; and aligning IT operations with enterprise operations. Value delivery is about executing the value proposition throughout the delivery cycle, ensuring that IT delivers the promised benefits against the strategy, concentrating on optimising costs and proving the intrinsic value of IT. Resource management is about the optimal investment in, and the proper management of, critical IT resources: applications, information, infrastructure and people. Key issues relate to the optimisation of knowledge and infrastructure. Risk management requires risk awareness by senior corporate officers, a clear understanding of the enterprises appetite for risk, understanding of compliance requirements, transparency about the significant risks to the enterprise and embedding of risk management responsibilities into the organisation. Performance measurement tracks and monitors strategy implementation, project completion, resource usage, process performance and service delivery, using, for example, balanced scorecards that translate strategy into action to achieve goals measurable beyond conventional accounting. ITGI: ISACA recognized this shift in emphasis towards IT Governance in 1998, and formed the IT Governance Institute (ITGI) to focus on original research, publications, resources and symposia on IT governance and related topics. In addition to the work carried out by the ITGI, ISACA addresses the topic through a regular column in and occasional dedicated issues of the Information Systems Control Journal, conference sessions and tracks, and education courses. TheIT Governance Institute (ITGI)exists to assist enterprise leaders in their responsibility to ensure that IT goals align with those of the business, it delivers value, its performance is measured, its resources properly allocated and its risks mitigated. Through original research, symposia and electronic resources, the ITGI helps ensure that boards and executive management have the tools and information they need for IT to deliver against expectations. ITGI: ISACA recognized this shift in emphasis towards IT Governance in 1998, and formed the IT Governance Institute (ITGI) to focus on original research, publications, resources and symposia on IT governance and related topics. In addition to the work carried out by the ITGI, ISACA addresses the topic through a regular column in and occasional dedicated issues of the Information Systems Control Journal, conference sessions and tracks, and education courses. TheIT Governance Institute (ITGI)exists to assist enterprise leaders in their responsibility to ensure that IT goals align with those of the business, it delivers value, its performance is measured, its resources properly allocated and its risks mitigated. Through original research, symposia and electronic resources, the ITGI helps ensure that boards and executive management have the tools and information they need for IT to deliver against expectations. Publications: There are two major publications from ISACA in the field of IT Governance. COBIT VALIT COBIT: The Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) is a set of best practices (framework) for information technology (IT) management created by the ISACA, and ITGI in 1996. COBIT provides managers, auditors, and IT users with a set of generally accepted measures, indicators, processes and best practices to assist them in maximizing the benefits derived through the use of information technology and developing appropriate IT governance and control in a company. COBIT supports IT governance by providing a framework to ensure that: IT is aligned with the business IT enables the business and maximises benefits IT resources are used responsibly IT risks are managed appropriately COBIT Framework and IT Governance Areas: COBIT Product: Briefly, the COBIT products include: Board Briefing on IT Governance, 2nd Edition—Helps executives understand why IT governance is important, what its issues are and what their responsibility is for managing it. Management guidelines/maturity models— Help assign responsibility, measure performance, and benchmark and address gaps in capability Frameworks—Organise IT governance objectives and good practices by IT domains and processes, and link them to business requirements Control objectives—provide a complete set of high-level requirements to be considered by management for effective control of each IT process IT Governance Implementation Guide: Using COBIT  ® and Val IT TM, 2nd Edition—provides a generic road map for implementing IT governance using the COBIT and Val ITTM resources COBIT ® Control Practices: Guidance to Achieve Control Objectives for Successful IT Governance, 2nd edition—Provides guidance on why controls are worth implementing and how to implement them IT Assurance Guide: Using COBIT  ®Ã¢â‚¬â€Provides guidance on how COBIT can be used to support a variety of assurance activities together with suggested testing steps for all the IT processes and control VALIT: Val IT is a governance framework that consists of a set of guiding principles, and a number of processes conforming to those principles that are further defined as a set of key management practices. The Val IT framework will be supported by publications and operational tools and provides guidance to: Define the relationship between IT and the business and those functions in the organization with governance responsibilities Manage an organizations portfolio of IT-enabled business investments; and Maximize the quality of business cases for IT-enabled business investments with particular emphasis on the definition of key financial indicators, the quantification of soft benefits and the comprehensive appraisal of the downside risk Val IT addresses assumptions, costs, risks and outcomes related to a balanced portfolio of IT-enabled business investments. It also provides benchmarking capability and allows enterprises to exchange experiences on best practices for value management. Certification: Certified in the Governance of Enterprise Information Technology (CGEIT) is an advanced certification created in 2007 by the ISACA. It is designed for experienced professionals, who can demonstrate 5 or more years of experience, serving in a managing or advisory role focused on the governance and control of IT at an enterprise level. The certification is intended to: support the growing business demands related to IT governance increase the awareness and importance of IT governance good practices and issues define the roles and responsibilities of the professionals performing IT governance work Requirements: To earn the CGEIT credential, an individual must: Pass the CGEIT exam (first exam December 2008) Adhere to the ISACA Code of Professional Ethics Agree to comply with the CGEIT Continuing Education Policy Provide evidence of appropriate IT governance work experience as defined by the CGEIT Job Practice IT Governance experience Five (5) years required: Five (5) or more years of experience managing, serving in an advisory or oversight role, and/or otherwise supporting the governance of the IT-related contribution to an enterprise is required to apply for certification. This experience is defined specifically by the domains and task statements described in the CGEIT Job Practice. Specifically: A minimum of one (1) year of experience relating to the development and/or maintenance of an IT governance framework is required. The type and extent of experience accepted is described in CGEIT domain one (1) (see IT Governance Framework). Additional broad experience directly related to any two or more of the remaining CGEIT domains are required. The type and extent of experience accepted is described in CGEIT domains two (2) through six (6). These domains are:  § Strategic Alignment  § Value Delivery  § Risk Management  § Resource Management  § Performance Measurement Individuals can take the CGEIT exam prior to earning the above work experience. Substitutions for IT governance experience (2 years maximum) To recognize other management experience and/or the achievement of specific IT governance related credentials, advanced (post-graduate) degrees and certificates, up to two (2) years of the five years of required IT governance experience can be substituted. Specifically, each of the following will qualify (substitute) for one (1) year of IT governance experience, with a maximum of two years of substitutions being accepted. Other Management Experience—other management experience that is not specific to IT governance, such as performing consulting, auditing, assurance or security management related duties will qualify for up to one year of substitution. Specific Credentials, Advanced (Post-graduate) Degrees and Certificates—Credentials (in good standing), advanced (post-graduate) degrees and certificate programs which include an IT governance and/or management component or are specific to one or more of the CGEIT domains will qualify for up to one year of substitution. These include: Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) issued by ISACA Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) issued by ISACA Implementing IT Governance using COBIT and Val IT certificate issued by ISACA (available in 2008) ITIL Service Manager certification program Chartered Information Technology Professional (CITP) issued by the British Computer Society Certified Information Technology Professional (CITP) issued by the American Institute of CPAs Project Management Professional (PMP) issued by the Project Management Institute Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) issued by the Canadian Information Processing Society Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors Certified Business Manager (CBM) issued by The Association of Professionals in Business Management Prince2 Registered Practitioner certificate from the Office of Government Commerce Advanced (post-graduate) degree from an accredited university in governance, information technology, information management or business administration (For example: Masters in Corporate Governance, Masters of Business Administration, Masters in Information and Operations Management, Masters of Information Systems Management, Masters in Information Technology) Exception: Two years as a full-time university instructor teaching IT governance related subjects at an accredited university can be substituted for every one year of IT governance experience. Applicants who have earned/acquired other credentials, advanced (post-graduate) degrees and/or certificates that include a significant IT governance and/or information management component and are not listed above are welcome to submit them to the CGEIT Certification Board for consideration. IT Governance Characteristics Sets direction and oversees compliance and performance Specifies the decision-making authority and accountability to encourage desirable behaviors in the use of IT Is a process for managing and controlling the use of technology to create value Are the rules and regulations under which an IT organization functions Ensures that everyone is playing by the same rules so that the computing environment works for everyone. Road Map for Implementing IT Governance The initial focus for developing an IT Governance Program is identifying needs and governance input rights and decision making based on:    Current state of IT within and supporting business organization and objectives      Internal and external requirements/regulations and applicable best business practices Business Alignment IT Business Executives set the IT Strategy, resolve issues, and shadow IT organizations eliminated Investment Board sets project priorities, costs,   oversees progress, reduced millions $ in costs Change Management and failures impacting users Changes managed actually blocked where not properly vetted or tested Number of user impact failures reduced from 200+ to Number of unauthorized application and infrastructure changes reduced to 1 or less per month Emergency changes reduced to less than 3% of total changes Improved results across the board, accountability built into personal performance evaluations Projects Projects on time, on budget increased by 60+% Improved from 40% SDLC compliance to 100% Technology Standards and architecture established and enforced via tech reviews reduced number of system software tools by over 50% 100% of the equipment on the network identified and none added unless authorized 24 hour server back-ups improved from 95% to 99.9% Security patches being performed within 24 hours of approval â€Å"System Admin Accounts† reduced by over 50% Governing Document Framework SAMPLE Conclusion: As we have discussed that in todays business environment information is the most valuable asset, therefore in order to protect the information we require a profound infrastructure that enables us to not only secure the information we have but to validate that information as well, plus enable the organization towards IT.