history of the Internet essays

history of the Internet essays To know the history of the Internet it is very important, to know: what was the original goal to create Internet, what were the steps that had to be taken and who were the main players. In 1973, the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) initiated a research programs to investigate techniques and technologies for interlining packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols, which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Interning project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet." The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Invention of the Internet. (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency was an agency of U.S. Department of Defence, (ARPA) the emphasis was towards research, thus was not oriented only to a military product. The formation of this agency was part of the U.S. reaction to the launch of sputnik by Soviet Union in 1957. ARPA was assigned to research how to utilize their investment in computers via command and control Research. Two of the main goals of ARPA were: 1) To find a way to allow scientists at different locations to share information and collaborate on military and scientific projects. 2) To make sure if even part of the network were disabled r destroyed by a disaster such as nuclear war, that the network would still function. (ARPA) awarded Bolt Beranek and Bewman a contract to design and deploy a packet switching network. This project was called ARPANET. TCP/IP was developed by Department of Defence (DOD) research project to connect a number of different networks designed by different vendors into a network. And this led to the up come of ...

Top Ten Confused Words [T]

Top Ten Confused Words [T] Top Ten Confused Words [T] Top Ten Confused Words [T] By Maeve Maddox My cumulative list of â€Å"words commonly confused† continues with ten that begin with the letter T. The confusion relates to spelling or meaning. 1. taught / taut The word taught is the past tense of the verb to teach. It is also used as an adjective to mean instructed: â€Å"Howard Phillips Lovecraft, weird fiction writer and primogenitor of modern horror fiction, was a self-taught writer.† The adjective taut means â€Å"pulled tight.† A common error is to spell taut as taught, as in this fishing advice in a magazine called Backpacker: INCORRECT: Use more weight to keep the line taught. CORRECT: Use more weight to keep the line taut. 2. titivate / titillate The verb titivate means â€Å"to spruce up, to make more attractive.† Ex. We decided to titivate the kitchen with new cabinets and countertops. The verb titillate means â€Å"to excite the senses or imagination in an agreeable way.† Ex. Camilla Ochlan has crafted a supernatural mystery-thriller that  will titillate  the palate of even the most discriminating  Sci-Fi Fantasy  reader. The error is to mix them up, as in this example from a restaurant site: INCORRECT: We are sure to have something to titivate your tastebuds. CORRECT: We are sure to have something to titillate your taste buds. 3. tortuous / torturous The adjective tortuous means â€Å"full of twists; complex.† The  tortuous road  we had to climb had one steep and narrow curve after another all the way to the  top. The adjective torturous means â€Å"full of pain or suffering. Ex. More significantly, the book prominently features a scene in which the heroes resort to torturous means in order to extract vital, life-or-death information. The error is to mix them up, although some might argue that a thing can be full of twists and pain at the same time. 4. tenant / tenet A tenant is someone who rents property. Ex. The tenant always paid her rent on time. A tenet is a principle or belief. Ex. The tenet to love one’s neighbor is stated in Leviticus 19:18. The error with these words goes both ways: INCORRECT: This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic  tenants  of Christian Doctrine. CORRECT : This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic  tenets  of Christian Doctrine. INCORRECT: Most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenet. CORRECT: Most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenant. 5. than / then The word than is a conjunction used after a comparative adjective or adverb to introduce the second member of the comparison. Ex. She thinks her border collie is smarter than my boxer. The word then is an adverb that refers to a specified time, past or future, as opposed to the present. Ex. We didn’t have enough money for luxuries like books then. 6. through / threw Through is a preposition used to convey the idea of entering the inside of something and coming out the other side: They always go through the churchyard on their way home. Threw is the past tense of the verb to throw: He threw the ball over the fence. The usual error is to spell through as threw, as in this example from a geocaching site: INCORRECT: You will need to go  threw the tunnel  to access this cache. CORRECT: You will need to go  through the tunnel  to access this cache. 7. throws / throes Throws is the third person present singular of the verb to throw: He throws with his left arm. Throws can also be the plural of the noun throw that refers to a light blanket: She keeps throws on all the couches and chairs. Throes is a noun that means â€Å"severe pains.† Figuratively, it can mean â€Å"difficult times.† Ex. The pirate lay in the last throes of death. The Smiths are in the throes of divorce. 8. track / tract As a noun, track is a mark or series of marks left by the passage of something. The Mountie caught the fugitive by following the track left in the snow. One meaning of the noun tract is â€Å"a book or written work treating of some particular topic.† Ex. The evangelists passed out tracts on the subject of salvation. 9. till / ’til Till has different functions, one of which is that of conjunction with the same meaning as until: ‘to the time that; up to the point when†: I will sit here till he agrees to speak to me. The form ’til is an unnecessary shortening of until. The error is in thinking that till is a shortening of until. 10. torpid / turgid The adjective torpid means benumbed or â€Å"devoid of the power or motion of feeling.† Ex.  Even when he was awake he was completely  torpid. The adjective turgid means swollen, distended, puffed out. The word is applied figuratively to language with the meanings inflated, pompous, bombastic. Examples of literal and figurative use: My arm was turgid where the snake had bitten it. Eventually, the movie surrenders to the most turgid Hollywood speechifying and sentimentality, far more so than the original permitted itself to do. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word GamesHonorary vs. Honourary