An Overview Of The Date Palm Environmental Sciences Essay

An Overview Of The Date Palm Environmental Sciences Essay Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is known as tree of life plays an imperative role in the life of the people living in scorched regions of the world. It is an ancient and valuable fruit, as the dates name has been and is mentioned in holy books like the Quran, Torah and Buddha (Belarbi et al., 2000; Falade and Abbo, 2007). Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is reported to have said that the best assets is the date palm, that it is used for curing many disorders, and He (PBUH) urged Muslims to consume dates (Zaid and de Wet, 1999). Muslims deem it as a virtue to eat dates at Iftar in the month of Ramadan. It has been cultivated in the Middle East since at least 6000 BC (Al-Qarawi et al., 2003). At least 2000 or more different cultivars of date palm exist all over the world (Ali-Mohamed and Khamis, 2004). The Date fruit provides a good source of carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, and vitamins, but it contains a minute amount of fat and protein (Baloch et al., 2006; Al-Farsi et al., 2005; Mohamed, 2000). Date fruit is also suitable for hypertensive persons because of its high amount of potassium and low content of sodium (Al-Hooti et al., 2002). New studies have reported that date fruit has antimutagenic and anticancer action (Ishurd and Kennedy, 2005; Vayalill, 2002). The ripening of the date fruit is considered by four different stages/phases based on color, softness, moisture, and sugar content. (1) Kimri stage: at this phase the fruit is quite hard, the color is green and it is not fit for edible purpose. At this phase the fruit attains a rapid increase in weight, volume and build up of reducing sugars that will weaken at the end of this stage. (2) Khalal stage: at this stage, date fruit gains its maximum weight and size. The dates total sugar and acidity will boost as its water content decreases. At the end of Khalal stage, the fruit is physiologically mature and hard. (3) Rutab stage: ripening of date fruit starts at this stage. Its colour changes and its texture become soft. It begins to lose astringency and starts acquiring a darker and less attractive colour than the previous stage. (4) Tamar stage: the date fruits are fully ripe at Tamar stage and texture of the flesh is soft. At this stage, date fruit contains its maximum total solids an d it is in the best condition for storage. Some references have mentioned another a very early stage named called Hababauk. This term is used for the female flower and also used for the period after pollination, in which the young fruit is still creamy before gradually turning green at the Kimri stage. Generally, date fruit is harvestable and marketable at three stages including Khalal, Rutab and Tamar that depend on cultivar characteristics, especially soluble tannins levels (Ismail et al., 2001; Hong et al., 2006; Awad, 2007). Although there are many cultivars of dates, some have become pre eminent in the world market (Krueger, 2001; Nixon, 1950). Deglet Noor, meaning date of the light in Arabic, comes from the Algerian Sahara and is one of the leading cultivars grown in North Africa and California. Halawy, meaning sweet in Arabic, is a soft, high-quality date with rich flavour from Iraq. Khadrawy, meaning green in Arabic, is a short and moderately productive tree with soft fruit from Southern Iraq. Climate is one of the major factors that affect all aspects of life and realistic crops cultivation depends on proper understanding of climatic condition. Proper understanding of climatic condition can help farmers in doing cultivation at an opportune time and supplying plants needs during growth period. The ripening season of date palm starts with the rise in summer temperature with July and August, which is the peak production period. Unfortunately, the monsoon rains also falls within these months of the year, which is a real bottleneck for this crop. Hillawi and Khadrawi are the major varieties cultivated in Punjab. These varieties are semi dry and ripened early in July and face a huge problem of monsoon rains. The coincidence of date ripening period with the monsoon season means the crop receives heavy damage by rain and a few minutes of rain can destroy upto 80% of the date crop (ASF, 2010) The fruit during this period is at eatable (Khalal/Rutab) stage and prone to infestation by insects/birds and diseases that invade at a rapid rate under the favourable climate of relatively reduced temperature with high humidity. This adverse situation persists for several weeks. The extent of the losses contributes to accumulate so long as the fruits stay on the trees for want of Dong formation until the end of July (Saleem et al., 2005). Rain and high humidity may cause physical damage to the fruit in period preceding the ripening. When this happens, cracks appear on the fruit surface through fungi and bacteria may enter causing fermentation and souring of the fruit rapidly (Olin, 2002). It is worth mentioning that the amount of any particular rain is of less importance than the conditions under which it occurs (Nixon and Carpenter, 1978). Traditional methods of date fruit ripening/curing are popular in many areas of the country, in which fruit at the Dong stage are spread on the mats or plastic sheets and exposed to sun in an open air. The quality of sun dried product under dusty condition becomes very poor and non-uniform with a low yield. Due to persistent rain and stormy conditions a large amount of the harvested dates become mouldy, fermented, and dusty, damaged by the birds and insects. The present study will be therefore conducted on the ripening aspects and fruit quality of date palm with respect to monsoon rains, by evaluating the potential of preharvest ethephon application on ripening enhancement and fruit quality of date palm at Kimri and Khalal stages, studying the role of different chemicals on the ripening behaviour and fruit quality and ripening and quality assessment of date fruit will also investigated by the influence of hot water treatment by harvesting the fruit at the physiological maturity (Doka/Khalal) stage. V) REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Fruits should be harvested at the correct physiological maturity and state of ripeness (Harman and Patterson, 1984). They are self sufficient with their own catalytic machinery to maintain an independent life, even when detached from the parent plant. Based on their respiratory pattern and ethylene biosynthesis during ripening, harvested fruits have been classified as climacteric and non-climacteric based on the respiration pattern and ethylene production during ripening. Climacteric fruits, harvested at physiological maturity, can be ripened off the parent plant. The respiration rate and ethylene formation though minimal at maturity, raise dramatically to a climacteric peak, at the onset of ripening, after which it declines (Gamage and Rehman, 1999). In climacteric fruit, onset of ripening is accompanied by a sharp increase in respiration and ethylene production. The climacteric ethylene is thought to regulate fruit ripening by inducing the expression of many ripening-related genes responsible for autocatalytic ethylene production, cellwall metabolism, chlorophyll degradation, synthesis of carotenoids and volatiles, and conversion of starch to sugar (Gray et al., 1992; Theologis, 1993; Alexander and Grierson, 2002). Non-climacteric fruits are not capable of continuing their ripening process, once they are detached from the parent plant. Also, these fruits produce a very small quantity of endogenous ethylene, and do not respond to external ethylene treatment. Such fruits show comparatively low profile and a gradual decline in their respiration pattern and ethylene production, throughout the ripening process (Gamage and Rehman, 1999). In non-climacteric fruit, there is no dramatic change in the rate of respiration, and ethylene production remains at a very low level. However, in some plant species, some aspects of ripening, such as chlorophyll degradation and fruit softening, are controlled or at least partially controlled by ethylene (Goldschmidt et al., 1993; Wills and Kim, 1995). Ethylene is biosynthesized from methionine via a welldefined pathway in which 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) function as key enzymes. Fruit ripening: Ripening is defined as changes that occur from the latter stages of growth and development through the early stages of senescence and result in characteristic aesthetic and/or food quality (Watada et al., 1984). It is a highly co-ordinated, genetically programmed, and an irreversible phenomenon involving a series of physiological, biochemical, and organoleptic changes that lead to the development of a soft and edible ripe fruit with desirable quality attributes. A wide spectrum of biochemical changes such as increased respiration, chlorophyll degradation, biosynthesis of carotenoids, anthocyanins, essential oils, and flavor and aroma components, increased activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, and a transient increase in ethylene production are some of the major changes involved during fruit ripening (Brady, 1987). The color change during fruit ripening is due to the unmasking of previously present pigments by degradation of chlorophyll and dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus and synthesis of different types of anthocyanins and their accumulation in vacuoles, and accumulation of carotenoids such as ÃŽÂ ²-carotene, xanthophyll esters, xanthophylls, and lycopene (Tucker and Grierson, 1987; Lizada, 1993). The increase in flavor and aroma during fruit ripening is attributed to the production of a complex mixture of volatile compounds such as ocimene and myrcene (Lizada, 1993), and degradation of bitter principles, flavanoids, tannins, and related compounds (Tucker and Grierson, 1987). The taste development is due to a general increase in sweetness, which is the result of increased gluconeogenesis, hydrolysis of polysaccharides, especially starch, decreased acid-ity, and accumulation of sugars and organic acids resulting in an excellent sugar/acid blend (Lizada, 1993; Grierson, Tucker, and Robertson, 1981; Selvaraj, Kumar, and Pal, 1989). The metabolic changes during fruit ripening include increase in biosynthesis and evolution of the ripening hormone, ethylene (Yang and Hoffman, 1984), increase in respiration mediated by mitochondrial enzymes, especially oxidases and de novo synthesis of enzymes catalyzing ripening specific changes (Tucker and Grierson, 1987). Alteration of cell structure involves changes in cell wall thickness, permeability of plasma membrane, hydration of cell wall, decrease in the structural integrity, and increase in intracellular spaces (Redgwell, MacRae, Hallet, Fischer, Perry, and Harker, 1997). Fruit softening is associated with cell wall disassembly (Seymour and Gross, 1996) and modifications to the pectin fraction are some of the most apparent changes that take place in the cell wall during ripening (Marin-Rodriguez, Orchard, and Seymour, 2002). The general observation is that softening is accompanied by solubilization of pectin, involving the action of enzymes pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and pectate lyases (PL) (White, 2002) and hydrolysis of starch and other storage polysaccharides (Selvaraj et al., 1989; Fuchs, Pesis and Zauberman, 1980). This notion was supported by reports of changes in cell wall pectic material in ripening mango (Roe and Bruemmer, 1981), tomato (Besford and Hobson, 1972) and pear (Ahmed and Labavitch, 1980). Fruit ripening and ethylene: The gaseous hormone ethylene regulates a number of plant growth and developmental processes, including fruit ripening. Ethylene plays a major role in fruit ripening in a wide range of plant species (Abeles et al., 1992; Lelievre et al., 1997; Giovannoni, 2004). It is a fruit ripening phytohormone, in minute amounts can trigger many events of cell metabolism including initiation of ripening and senescence, particularly in a climacteric fruit. A number of reviews have been published on the role of ethylene in fruit ripening, particularly in mangoes as well as its biogenesis (Adams and Yang, 1979; Kende, 1993). The pathway for ethylene biosynthesis has been elucidated in apple, and other fruits such as avocado, banana, and tomato (Kende, 1993; Yang and Hoffman, 1984). The first step is the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to 1- aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. At the onset of fruit ripening, expression of multiple ACC synthase genes are activat ed, resulting in increased production of ACC. In most cases, it is the ACC synthase activity, which determines the rate of ethylene biosynthesis. ACC is then oxidized to ethylene by ACC oxidase. Potential of ethephon in fruit ripening: Fruit ripening has been described as an oxidative phenomenon that requires a turnover of active oxygen species, such as H2O2 and superoxide anion (Jimenez et al, 2002). Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), releases ethylene in plant tissues, has aroused interest because of its physiological effects in many fruit species (Cooke and Randall, 1968; Warner and Leopold, 1967). The responses to ethephon appear to be mainly caused by the action of ethylene (Anderson, 1968). Now ethephon is widely used in agriculture for promotion of flowering, fruit ripening, defoliation and so on. Orange, grapefruit, tangerine and green lemon fruits dipped in ethephon solutions for a few seconds to several minutes developed satisfactory marketable color in seven to ten days after treatment. (Fuch and Cohen, 1969; Yong et al., 1970). In pomegranates, however pre-harvest application of ethephon decreased the soluble solids, pH and vitamin C content of the fruit juice (Shaybany and Sharifi, 1973). Rouhani and Bassiri (1977) reported that when date fruits were treated with 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm ethephon and stored in sealed bags or bags with 10 holes. The percentage dry weights of pulp and seed, titratable acidity, soluble solids and respiration rates increased, whereas pH, firmness and astringency decreased with greater maturity. The application of ethephon increased respiration and titratable acidity significantly. Although ethephon concentration and bag type affected ripening, their effects were relatively small; endogenous factors controlling ripening were more important. Ethephon application at 1500 ppm shortly after full bloom on Zaghloul and Samani date palms grown in Egypt advanced fruit ripening by about one month (Kamal, 1995). Musa (2001) reported that effectiveness of ethrel in enhancing the fruit ripening of Mishrigi Wad Khatib and Mishrigi Wad Lagi dates grown in Khartoum, Sudan, was 2-3 fold higher by injecting 2ml of ethrel (480 g/l a.v.) into a pit made in the peduncle compared with 1000 ppm of ethrel spraying over the fruit. Preharvest ethrel application significantly increased the Rutab fruit yield per bunch (7 kg) as compared to the control (4.5 kg) and postharvest dipping of fruit at khalal stage in ethrel at 4.2ml/l and abscisic acid at 1.0 mM significantly enhanced the ripening, compared to the control (Awad, 2007). Ethephon accelerates ripening and improves the peel color of the mangoes (Lakshminarayana et al., 1975). Mixture of ethephon, sodium hydro oxide and water, kept in the vicinity of mango fruit, facilitate the ripening in natural way (Sudhakar, 2006). Nair and Singh (2003) reported that fruit quality in terms of TSS, TSS/acid ratio, sugars and eating quality of mango cv. Bocado was found to improve with ethrel at 2000 ppm. Increase in salt concentration progressively increased the Dong/Rutab formation of khadrawi and shamran date cultivars, and addition of acetic acid enhanced the effect, but acetic acid alone was ineffective (Kalra et al., 1977). Ethephon treatment stimulated the decrement of titratable acidity, anthocyanin accumulation and fruit softening four days after treatment in rabbiteye blueberry. The ripening promotion effect of ethephon on total soluble solids content was observed only eight days after treatment. Ethephon treatment did not affect the fruit enlargement during the investigation period. They concluded that ethephon application for rabbiteye blueberry promote the fruit ripening, but the stimulatory effects of ethephon on fruit ripening were different in degree on each ripening characters (Ban et al., 2007). The stimulatory effect of ethephon on blueberry fruit ripening has been reported by some researchers (Eck, 1970; Forsyth et al., 1977; Lewis and Ju, 1993; Warren et al., 1973). The skin color enhancement effect of ethephon has been noted for apple and cranberry (Eck, 1972; Murphey and Dilley, 1988). In Jonagold apple, ethephon application stimulated the anthocyanin accumulation in the skin, but did n ot affect the total soluble solids content, acidity and fruit firmness (Awad and Jager, 2002). From these results, it is concluded that ethephon application for fruit promotes ripening, but the stimulatory effect of ethephon on fruit ripening differs in degree for each fruit ripening character. Ethylene released by the breakdown of Ethrel ® is the cause of softening of fruit and hastens the onset of ripening of several fruits, including mango, as reported by researchers (Rupinder, Poorinima, Pathak, Singh and Dwivedi, 2007). Role of hot water, sodium chloride and acetic acid in fruit ripening: Recently, wide international interest in heat treatment for quality maintenance and disease control has reflected in a range of literatures. With exposure of fresh agricultural commodities to high temperature, heat shock proteins transcripts and protein levels in such commodities have been shown to increase (Lurie, 1998). Further more, a wide range of fruit ripening processes are affected by heat, such as color (Cheng et al, 1988; Tian et al., 1996), ethylene synthesis (Ketsa et al., 1999), respiration (Inaba and Chachin, 1988), fruit softening and cell wall metabolism (Lurie and Nussinovich, 1996), volatile production. Postharvest heat treatment also can reduce chilling injury in many kinds of fruits during subsequent low temperature storage as well as reduce pathogen level and disease development. Agricultural commodities are large and respond differently by applied heat treatment. Inappropriate heat treatment can also lead to ripening acceleration or heat damage (McDonald et al., 1999; Lurie, 1997). The influence of hot water treatment on the ripening/curing of Dhakki dates with 70 oC performed better than 35 and 93 oC furnishing with 55% product yield of acceptable quality. The yield of improved quality product is further increased to 70% on the optimization of treatment time to 3 minutes. They concluded that Dhakki dates does not require to stay on tree beyond fully mature doka stage for want of dong formation and hence saves at least two weeks hang-on period Saleem et al. (2004). When fruits of Khadrawi and Shamran treated with 2% NaCl alone achieved 72 and 75% ripening by weight, similar studies were also conducted on Khadrawi, Shamran, Zaidi and Thoory date varieties at the doka stage. Sodium chloride (0.5-3.0%), actic acid (0.5-2.0%), or sodium chloride at 1.0% + acetic acid. With Khadrawi and Shamran increased concentration of NaCl resulted in a progressive increase in the ripening percentage of fruits (Kalra and Jawand, 1974; Kalra et al., 1977). Shamshiri and Rahemi (19 99) reported that sodium chloride and acetic acid either separately or combined, significantly increased the TSS and reduced fruit firmness and moisture content. Acetic acid at 2% had a better effect on fruit ripening and sodium chloride, but the fruits with sodium chloride were better in appearance. Mirza and Meraj-ud-Din (1988) treated the fruits of Dhakki and Basra cultivars in doka stage with 3% brine solution, 0.25% acetic acid solution and 0.25% citric acid solution for five minutes and sulfuring them for five hours. Different chemical treatments significantly enhanced the ripening percentage of fruits, brine solution was found to be superior ripening agent.

John Locke’s Influence on United States Government

John Locke and American Government John Locke is one of the most influential writers and political philosophers in history. On top of that he is most likely the most influential in the forming of the American constitution. Many of the ideas that Locke had formed were used in the creation of the United States Constitution. He left an abundance of thoughts and ideas on human understanding, religion, economics, and politics that still influence the structure, environment, and operation of public administration today. One of Locke’s most noted ideas is his concept of the separation of powers. This concept was the most influential on the structure of American government. The idea behind it was to make sure that no branch of government would attain too much power. This was done through a system of checks and balances in which each branch of government had the power to override another branch in case they did something wrong. The affect this had on American government created the structure that we see today between the Judicial, Legislative, and executive branches. Another one is very well known ideas was the idea of natural rights. The natural rights were rights that every citizen had obtained upon being born. These rights included life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness. Locke had said that these rights should never be able to be taken away by the government. He believed that it was the government’s job to protect these rights of the citizens instead of take them away. Locke had also believed in the consent of the governed. He believed that a group of people could not be governed unless they given consent to the government. Through this he questioned whether monarchy is legitimate if it is not chosen by the people. This led to the idea known as the social contract, in which the government protected the people’s natural rights in exchange for the people’s consent to be governed. John Locke himself had said, â€Å"every man being, as has been should, naturally free, and nothing being able to put himself into subjection to any earthly power, but only his own consent†. John Locke greatly influenced the structure of American government that we have today. Without John Locke and his ideas our government would be completely different and it is possible that the American Revolution would have never happened.

Essay about Drinking Alcohol Causes Sexual Assault

Drinking Alcohol Causes Sexual Assault There is a definite correlation between alcohol and sexual assault. A sexual assault can be defined as a sexual act occurring without verbal consent, or when force is used in a sexual encounter against the other persons will. Of all the men who admit to committing sexual assault, 55% report being under the influence of alcohol at the time, with 26% of the men being drunk (Stanford University, 1999). Of all the women who report being sexually assaulted, 53% of them report being under the influence of alcohol, with 21% of these women being drunk (Stanford University, 1999). These facts suggest that alcohol is a major factor in sexual assaults. Crimes such as these could be greatly reduced if†¦show more content†¦For example, after drinking alcohol, men expect to feel more powerful and aggressive (Stanford University, 1999). This increases their expectancy of certain outcomes, especially in sexual situations. Thus, drinking alcohol may cause men to misinterpret a womans behavio r as a sign of her desire to have sex with him. On the other hand, when a woman consumes alcohol, it can cause her to ignore or miss a cue that an assault is possible or likely to happen (Antonia, 1991). Alcohol can also keep a woman from realizing that her friendly behavior is being misperceived as seduction. Studies have shown that intoxicated and sober men are inclined to misperceive friendliness as a sign of sexual interest, so this is a great danger to women (Stanford University, 1999). Alcohol consumption can also decrease the likelihood that a woman can successfully resist an assault, verbally or physically. Additionally, women become intoxicated faster than men. This occurs for two reasons: women generally weigh less and have less water in their bodies than men, so the alcohol is less diluted and has a greater impact on their bodies. (Stanford University, 1999). 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Effects Of Advertising On Children s Youth - 922 Words

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The Effect of Globalization on Gendered Violence Against...

Nicole Manuel WST 332 Midterm paper February 25th, 2013 Globalization has impacted women and girls’ health. There are economic systems around the world that contribute to the inequality of genders, which so often leads to the devaluing of women and the cheapening of labor. Women and girls around the world face many barriers to health care because of this. They are also faced with many unfortunate circumstances; which put them at increased health risks and mortality. â€Å"Gendered violence occurs within every continent, country, and cultural context, affects the women of all racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, and socioeconomic groups, and is the most pervasive, yet least prosecuted, human rights violation worldwide.† (Patti†¦show more content†¦Her husband then went on an exhausting hunt for her and encountered many obstacles along the way. Women often get sold from one pimp to another for reasons such as not cooperating or failing to perform to their ‘standards’. The woman in the film had refuse d to perform certain sexual acts to a customer and was beaten on the spot by him, and then later by her pimp. Women in the sex trafficking industry are at a heightened danger for HIV infection and other STIs because there is an absence of access to healthcare such as contraceptives, safe abortions, and assistance with reproductive issues. These slave owners have no concern for the wellbeing of their workers and cause severe physical as well as psychological damage. Many women try to escape but are rarely successful, and some go to extreme measures and commit suicide. According to the United Nations, â€Å"(t)he most common form of violence experienced by women globally is physical violence inflicted by an intimate partner. On average, at least one in three women is subjected to intimate partner violence in the course of her lifetime.† (Patti Duncan, 352). As this quote states, whose information comes from studies conducted by the Secretary-General, domestic violence is a major issue around the world. This violence has deep and lasting consequences for the victims and is a large cause of disability and death. Health issues like depression, substance abuse, and attemptedShow MoreRelatedNew Forms Of Extreme Vulnerability1878 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization processes have created new forms of extreme vulnerability that disproportionately impact the welfare of poor women of color living in border cities. As borders have become increasingly permeable and capitalism has transcended national borders, outsourcing labor has become a common practice within transnational corporatism. To meet the demands of the global North, gendered forms of labor have emerged in the global South that have resulted in the exploitation and abuse of poor women ofRead MoreThe Connection Between Western Capitalism And Mexican Femicide1614 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalized Violence: The Connection Between Western Capitalism and Mexican Femicide Globalization: a process of interaction between the social, economic and political systems of different nations, a process powered by international trade and investment. 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Most commonly, it is women who are negatively impacted byRead MoreFeminicide, Gender Violence Against Women5270 Words   |  22 PagesLAS Disposables Ciudad Juà ¡rez March 13, 2015†© Femicide and Structural Violence against Women in By: Craig Serpa LAS DISPOSABLES PAGE 1 ! Introduction Much research has been produced attempting to describe and subvert femicide in Ciudad Juà ¡rez, but perhaps the most accurate description of the gendered violence can be found in an American political cartoon. A maquiladora, or Mexican border assembly/ processing plant, stands alone among rolling hills littered with gravestones inRead MoreGender theory in International Relations Essay2492 Words   |  10 Pageshow gender issues affect the attitude toward international conflict, and how the dichotomy between feminine and masculine is reflected variously in the way war is understood, organized and conducted. A particular attention will be payed to sexual violence in wars and to the gender dimension that nationalism and political identity acquire in armed conflicts, especially in what Kaldor defined â€Å"new wars† (Chinkin and Kaldor 2013). The same dichotomies applied to the war field pertain also feminist perspectiveRead MoreWomen s Rights : Women And Public Policy2739 Words   |  11 PagesThe half of world’s population is female and women are actively participating in politics across the globe. However, women are still subjected to men in many ways and still face entrenched inequality. Everyone experience the distinct contrast between masculinity and femininity in everyday and patriarchy is too dominant in most societies. The patriarchal system places masculinity above femininity, and men are privileged as a result. Women s rights are increasingly on the rise. For example, SouthRead MoreTravesti Sex Workers in Brazil2660 Words   |  11 Pagesfemininity. All they think of is how they can be like women and look the same. Guided by this notion, they undergo a series of practices to permanently modify their bodies. Travestis they take hormones and use industrial liquid silicon to broaden their hips and buttocks.1 Later, they undertake several plastic surgeries to enlarge their breasts and retouch any masculine facial features. Nonetheless, this group of people understands they will never be women, and they have no intention of following a differentRead MoreLove, Sex and Gender in the World Religions Essay4945 Words   |  20 Pages Two forces which gathered strength in the last half of the twentieth century now dominate the world religions at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The first is the globalization of religions and their resulting encounter with each other, and the second is the need to redefine attitudes toward gender as women have stepped forward to insist that their full humanity be acknowledged in the religious as well as the social realm. In a process begun in the nineteenth century and acceleratedRead MoreA Brief Note On Gender And Climate Change3247 Words   |  13 Pagesvalues, roles and relations that are considered appropriate for men and women. It also shows what is allowed from a man and woman, and these roles and relations increase the rise of gender differences. This is to ensure that women and men can equally influence, benefit and participate from development and activities on the ground. In 2008, Gender and Climate Change is featured as one of the critical emerging issues for women especially across the globe according to the United Nations Commission.Read MoreThe Trafficking Of Sex Trafficking2280 Words   |  10 Pagesconceptions of trafficked women. Likewise the plight of trafficked children is highlighted much more than women, as female victims receive greater attention than males (Brysk 13). Finally, the rhetoric around sex trafficking has proved to be damaging for the majority of sex workers, who are not victims of trafficking. In her piece, â€Å"Debt-Bondage and Trafficking: Don’t Believe the Hype,† Alison Murray cautions against the overemphasis on sex trafficking, warning against the sensationalism often employed

One Direction Free Essays

Intro to Communication 2. oopm-3. 40pm Informative Speech Outline Dreams and Ambitions Purpose: To inform my audience about how to follow your own dream and path, not following anyone else’s paths because they say you can’t do something. We will write a custom essay sample on One Direction or any similar topic only for you Order Now l. Introduction A. Greeting Good evening everyone. B. Attention getter Today, I’m going to tell you the stories of my life and someone who I looked up to. When I was in middle school, I was a dreamer and so was he. (Visual aid #1) One day, while watching Fast and Furious with my dad, I told him that when I was older, I would become a racecar driver Just like Vin Diesel. My dad checked my temperature after I said that. (Visual aid #2) Another day I was watching Step Up with my mom and told her I would become a dancer. I would search up dance tutorials on Youtube, watch them over and over again. Practiced in front of the mirror until I got it. But I never got it. And it Just annoyed my parent that they kept hearing mammoth footsteps from my room and that they couldn’t sleep. More recently, when I was half asleep on the bus on its way to my school. I was suddenly awakened to this funky song sung by this amazing singer. Then I knew I’d become a singer. Excited for an upcoming school concert. I signed up. Then my friends in school slammed me that no one would like me and that I would be the Joke to the school. I doubted myself since then. C. Credibility statement As someone who have been following every of his footsteps from he was as small as a fetus. He represents an iconic symbol for having dreams, faith, and to never stop believing in yourself. I would like to inform you about this person. D. Thesis statement It didn’t matter how many times you got knocked down on the floor, but you know one day you would have to get up and stand tall. Because everything has to start from omething, and something would be nothing if you didn’t believe and have faith in yourself. Where would you be if you didn’t believe. E. Preview of main points I’m going to leave with your imagination to fgure out whom this person is. I will slowly leave clue about this person. So I will be talking about his not so ideal background, his struggles to superstardom, and his triumphs. This is his story. Transition II. Body A. Main point #1 – His background 1. Subordinate point (e. g. , â€Å"According to†¦ â€Å") – He didn’t have the happiest family, in the world. He didn’t live in the biggest mansion in his neighborhood. And he didn’t even come first place in a school singing competition. a. Support- According to Townhall. com, his mother had him when she was only 18 years old. She had to live through an abusive childhood. Because everyone was pressuring her to abort her child. Because everyone thinks she didn’t have sufficient finance to support for her child, since she worked for a series of low paying office Jobs. His parent split when he was 10 months old. (Visual aid #3) b. Support- He came from a small town called Stratford, Ontario. When he was 12 years old, he wanted to play guitar and sing in front of a shopping mall. He would sit t the steps at the gate of the shopping mall and sing in the cold night. His voice carry out throughout the whole street Every pedestrians would have to stop, pull out their camera and film it. He also Joined his school idol competition. With only 12 years of age, he demonstrated a wide range of musical talents. Such as pop, R and B, he even rap for the audience too. Sometime he would bust out dance move that crack the audience. Like the air guitar. His friends were surprised, they would ask him where did all of hose moves come from. However, he fall short in third place. Suffered his first rejection in his singing career. Transition/Signpost Now that I have mentioned his background. I will now talk about his struggles. – B. Main point #2 – His struggles 1. Subordinate point – At this stage of success, there will be Jealousy and hatred. There are people who want him to fall, they want him to be the next train wreck, and want him to fall on the ground and never be able to get back up. a. Support – Celebrity gossip sites on the Internet such as TMZ, they will make up the most hideous and untrue stories about this kid. Here are examples of the stories they made up. – According to TMZ, they pictured him walking around with his shirt off in he street of London. Saying it’s a sign of disrespectful. Other say that he illegally went to an under aged club with his shirt off. Later, he was asked during an interview about this issue, and he was Just sweaty and hot from a grueling three hours performance. – According to mirror. co. uk, another news site. They said he was accused of hitting a paparazzi photographer in June while driving in the city of los Angeles who apparently stood right in front of his car. The paparazzi then have to be moved to a nearby hospital for treatments. However, in the photograph, the paparazzi is a full grown adult with twice the size of this kid. And another one, according to mirror. co. uk again, he was branded â€Å"disgusting† and â€Å"revolting†. For spitting from the top of his hotel. Transition to main point – Now that I have talked about his struggles and challenges, I will then talk about his road to fame. C. Main point #3 – His road to success. – At this point of success, people are watching him every breath and every move he takes. He have basically grown up with cameras all around him. Therefore, there are people who Just want to see him fall. But he didn’t take it as granted. He takes matter into his own hand. He became Just another kid on Youtube, to a worldwide arena eteran. a. Support – Then came social media. A powerful source of information that aided him to raise to superstardom. When he was 12, he decided to mess around with youtube. Posting videos of him doing different cover in his small apartment. And one day, this manager. People liked his video, wanting him to do different covers. His subscribers on Youtube reached hundred of thousand. – Then his mom, received a call from her friends. Saying that there’s this guy trying to reach her. He got a hold of his great aunt, got a hold of his school board. His mom was scared, asking herself, â€Å"Who is this guy? â€Å". So she went to a computer phone and called the mysterious guy from an unknown number to tell him, â€Å"Please stop calling! † She was trying to get rid of the anonymous man. Then they ended up taking from 2 to 3 hours. And this man, all the way from Atlanta. Told the mom and the kid to fly to him for a week with no strings attached. And he would introduce her to a bunch of other record producer to see if they want to sign the kid. If the mom didn’t want to sign, then they would Just get a free vacation and back to life as usual. They flew to Atlanta. This anonymous guy was a manager for a small record studio. He picked them up form the airport drove to his music studio. Then there’s this expensive Range Rover drove up to their car. And step out of the car was Usher, this kid freaked out ran up to him. And told him, â€Å"I’m one of your biggest fan. Can I sing one of your song to you? † after the manager warned him, â€Å"What ever you do, don’t say anything! . Yet again, he suffered another rejection. Usher simply pushed him aside and said, â€Å"It’s cold outside buddy, don’t worry about it. † He took off. This kid and the manager would fly to several states in 2 or 3 days. Meet with record producer, labels, and musicians. And every record label would sa y no to him. They said he had no platform. They need this kid to come from an experienced background like Disney. There’s no other option for him right now. Eventually this manager went to Usher’s recording studio, and Usher had to let him tryout. After a few minutes listening to this kid. He looked at the manager and asked him, â€Å"Who is this kid? † in astonishment. And the kid answered, miou don’t remember. You blew me off the other day. † It was not Just his amazing voice, it was his hair, his face, and his down to earth attitude. He just soaked up all the air in the room. It was beyond convinced that Usher had delivered a gift. That’s it, he has singed a contract with Usher. The mom and the kid is moving to the His grandfather, looking him walking pass the gate at the airport. He knew it was time to let this kid go. b. Support – He started to go to radio station. There were 40 kids, then 80, then 100 kids, then a couple of hundreds kids lining up outside the radio station to see him. – There are artists who sell out arena and stadium world tour, he is now the member of this club. On his first record, in his first year and a half. – Madison Square Garden in NY represents the pinnacle of success for an artist. The Rolling Stones, 132, Michael Jackson. And for this kid to play at MSG, and he’s the headliner. This Just doesn’t happen. And MSG sold out tickets in 22 minutes. The entire show depends on 2 fibers in his vocal chord. â€Å"Little things goes a very very long way. The moment we forget that, I think its over. † Said his manager. There were people standing outside the arena because they cant affordti, what he did was he walked outside the arena and gave free tickets that sit right up close to the stage to these girls. The fact that this kid can do this for his fans is amazing. – In the end, itâ⠂¬â„¢s Just him with his pen, nd paper in a room expressing his feelings and telling the world who he really is through his music. He said, â€Å"I’m 19 years old. I think I’m doing a pretty good Job. Basically from my heart I really Just want to say it really should be about music. It should be about the craft that I’m making. This is not a gimmick and I’m an artist and I should be taken seriously. † – And he’s right, so far at this point, he have won countless awards. 2 Grammy awards, 1 Brit awards, 6 Billboard Music Awards, 7 American Music Awards, 11 Teen Choice Awards, and the most prestigious award in the music industry, the milestone award. Which celebrate Ill. Conclusion IVe already signed up for the concert, its too late to back up now. I got on the stage alone, and I sung. My legs and hands were shaking. I asked myself â€Å"Will I be a dumb joke to the school? † But no, the audience leaped up from their chair, they applaud and clapped. Shocking, I couldn’t believe my own eye. Teachers were asking me to sing for their concert. Then I realized I was wrong. There’s nothing wrong with dreaming big, when you have believe in yourself. You only live once to follow your own dream. Don’t follow anyone else’s pathway. However, if you’re lost in the wood and you found a pathway, by all mean follow that. And most importantly, don’t listen to anyone’s advice. So here’s my advice Heres the model that IVe lived by. â€Å"There’s gonna be time in your life when people tell you that you cant do something. And there’s gonna be time in your life when people say you can’t live your dream. And there’s gonna be time in your life when people say that you can’t sell out Madison Square Garden. This is what I tell them. Never Say Never. † Justin Bieber â€Å"Don’t ever let someone tell you that you can’t do something. Not even me. You got a dream, you gotta protect it. When people can’t do something themselves, they are onna tell you that you can’t do it. How to cite One Direction, Papers

Services and Marketing Relationship for Qantas - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theServices and Marketing Relationship for Qantas Airlines. Answer: Determinants of satisfaction/dissatisfaction at Qantas Service quality and good pricing are the main determinants of satisfaction/dissatisfaction in the airline industry. Satisfying customers is an important marketing activity as it has an impact of profitability of business and consumer purchase behavior. In case of Qantas airlines business organization, it is the worlds leading long distance airlines, which has built a reputation for safety, operational reliability and customer service. Qantas has reached a new level in customers satisfaction and the main determination of satisfied customers includes high class travel experience, quality of in-flight entertainment and pricing. Compared to other domestic airline in Australia, Qantas is ahead of Virgin in customer satisfaction. In terms of business travel experience, Qantas score was 84% and Virgins score was 75% in 2015. Qantas got 2014 Roy Morgan Customer Satisfaction Award for this achievement (Roy Morgan Research 2017). Another element for increasing customers satisfaction in the airline industry is the attributes related to airline service quality. Airline companies mainly aim to exceed customers satisfaction by improving the service quality to satisfy the needs of passengers. Service quality is the dimension of competitiveness. The service quality is affected by the expected service and service perceived by the consumers. This is also in relevance with the assimilation theory that states that cognitive process in a consumer determines the comparison between the expectations about the product and perceived product performance (David Mc 2013). Theoretical models have suggested different models for service quality. The three component model suggest service product, service delivery and service environment as critical for safety. Service quality and service satisfaction are interrelated aspects where a high level of service quality is associated with high level of customer satisfaction. For instance, the confirmation and the disconfirmation theory suggest that customers expectation about the service has a vital role in customer satisfaction. This expectation is also related to their beliefs about service delivery that is up to their standards or expectations (Pizam et al., 2016). Hence, customers expectation becomes the main reference for evaluating quality of service. Figure: Association between customers satisfaction and perceive performance Source: (Liu, et al. 2017). At Qantas, the quality of service is evaluated by giving ratings on the availability and standards of facilities, airlines responsiveness to address problems or challenges within the facility. Passenger perception survey is also conducted by Qantas to know about customers perception regarding coverage and level of satisfaction with facilities. This detail is also relevant with the above theories as it reflects that quality and customer satisfaction are interrelated (ACCC airport quality of service monitoring guideline 2017). Service recovery plan for Qantas Qantas has faced several challenges in its business due to external competitive challenges in the international airline industry. Some of the major challenges for them in the past year was related to industrial disputes, demand in working conditions and wages, impact on business due to weather events and natural disasters, 48 hour shut down, A380 mid-air engine failure, financial pressure due to fluctuating fuel prices and many other issues. Hence, a comprehensive service recovery plan is needed to deal with such issues and be prepared to smartly handle challenges in business. Such service recovery effort is mainly followed after experiencing failure in service or part of service. This influences the organization to put strategies in place to retain customers satisfaction as well as maintain profitability in business. It can also be said that service recovery approach is the pathway to customer loyalty and responding to customer complaint. This approach is also relevant to the justic e theory, which evolved over time to include the dimension of distributive, procedural and interactional justice. Distributive justice was related to the process by which key goals were achieved, whereas procedural justice and interactional justice was related to manner in which key plans are delivered (Tan 2014). This method ultimately has an impact on service recovery satisfaction. In case of Qantas, the three dimensions of justice theory will be useful in devising service recovery plan. Figure 2: Different dimensions of justice. Source: (Ghaziani et al. 2012) The service recovery plan for Qantas in response to their failure as follows: Both Qantas and Virgin Australia were under pressure to abolish fuel charges after the decline in oil prices in 2014-2015. In response to the impact on business due to fluctuating fuel prices, Qantas can address these issues in the future by fuel hedging process. Different financial instrument can used to address the risk related to currency fluctuation and volatility of fuel prices (Merkert 2015). To ensure distributive justice and build a stronger Qantas, there is a need to be economically sustainable too. This is because Qantas face many structural challenges due to the deregulation of market and risk in new fleet of airlines. The plan is to utilize their strength to open gateway to the world and create a shareholder value by building a strong and viable business. Working with effective partners will also be important to establish connection with large number of customers (Wen and Geng-qing Chi 2013). Reference ACCC airport quality of service monitoring guideline. 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Draft%20Airport%20quality%20of%20service%20monitoring%20guideline%E2%80%94statement%20of%20reasons.pdf David Mc A, B. (2013). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines.American Journal of Tourism Research,2(1), 67-77. Ghaziani, F.G., Safania, A. and Tayebi, S.M., 2012. Impact of Organizational Justice Perceptions on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: the Irans Ministry of Sport Perspective.Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,6(7), pp.179-188.Liu, Y., Dong, D., Burnkant, R. (2017).Provide Consumers with What They Want on Word of Mouth Forums. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from https://file.scirp.org/Html/3-8601288_29340.htm Merkert, R. 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from https://theconversation.com/explainer-fuel-hedging-and-its-impact-on-airlines-and-airfares-36773 Pizam, A., Pizam, A., Shapoval, V., Shapoval, V., Ellis, T., Ellis, T. (2016). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises: a revisit and update.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(1), 2-35. Roy Morgan Research 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017, from https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6208-qantas-reaches-new-high-in-customer-satisfaction-201504270141 Tan, T.A.G., 2014. Effects of Justice Theory on Service Recovery Satisfaction on Metro Manila Dine-in Experiences.Philippine Management Review,21. Wen, B. and Geng-qing Chi, C., 2013. Examine the cognitive and affective antecedents to service recovery satisfaction: A field study of delayed airline passengers.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(3), pp.306-327.